Cytology

Cytology

The Study of Cells

Study of Cells

• Carry out all chemical reactions needed to sustain life

• Building blocks of all living things

Cell Theory

• 1) Cells are the basic unit of life

• 2) All living things are made of cells

• 3) Cells come from other cells

Multiple Select

Check all of the items that have cells

• Rock

• Octopus

• Ameoba

• Wood

Anton von Leeuwenhoek

• late 1600's

• Worked on Microscopes

Robert Hooke

• Created the term "cells“

• Reminded him of the cells of a monastery.

Types of Microscopes

Compound Light Microscope

• Specimens can be alive

• Use a stain to see nucleus and other organelles

• Not as detailed as other microscopes

Onion Cells

Electron Microscope

• Specimen is dead

• Very detailed images

• Images called electron micrographs

3D Scanning Microscope

• Do not look at specimen directly

• Use computer to see it

• Generates 3D images of specimen.

Confocal laser scanning microscopy images of CAL-33 cells incubated for 28 h with free mTHPC

Multiple Choice

Which microscope type would we use for identifying the nucleus in a cell?

• Compound Light Microscope

• Electron Microscope

• 3D Scanning Microscope

Types of Cells

There are 2 major types of cells

Prokaryote

• No nucleus

• Genetic information is in the cytoplasm

• No nuclear membrane

• No organelles

Eukaryote

• Has a nucleus

• Genetic information found in the nucleus

• Has organelles

• All organelles have membranes

• More advanced structure than prokaryotes

Anatomy of the Cell

• All cells share general structures

• Cells are organized into 3 main regions

• 1) Nucleus

• 2) Cytoplasm

• 3) Plasma membrane

The Nucleus

• Control center

• DNA

• Two regions:

• Nuclear membrane

• Nucleolus

Nuclear Membrane

• Surrounds nucleus

• Phospholipid bilayer

• Nuclear pores: allow exchange of material with the rest of the cell

Nucleolus

• Found in Nucleus

• Some cells have more than one nucleolus (plural is nucleoli)

• Creates ribosomes

• Ribosomes move to the cytoplasm through nuclear pores

Chromatin

• Thin, threadlike DNA

• Found in nucleus

• Chromatin condenses to form chromosomes during cell division

• 
  

Plasma Membrane

• Barrier for cell contents

• Phospholipid Bilayer

• Hydrophilic heads

• Hydrophobic tails

• Other materials in plasma membrane

• Proteins and Carbohydrates

Multiple Select

Select the structures that are found INSIDE the nucleus

• Chromatin

• Plasma membrane

• Nuclear Pores

• Nucleolus

Cytoplasm/Cytosol

• Material outside the nucleus and inside the plasma membrane

• Cytoplasm: Fluid that suspends other substances

• Organelles (“little organs”): Metabolic machinery of the cell

• Metabolism – all chemical reactions need for life

• Reactions are performed by organelles

Ribosomes

• Makes proteins

• Smallest organelle

• 2 locations

• 1) Free-floating in the cytoplasm

• 2) On Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

• Transports materials in cell

• Two types of ER

• Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)

• Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER)

• 
  

Multiple Choice

Which type of endoplasmic reticulum has ribosomes?

• Rough ER

• Smooth ER

• Both

• Neither

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

• Studded with ribosomes

• Protein synthesis

• 
  

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

• Walls are smooth

• Stores special enzymes & chemicals

Golgi Bodies /apparatus/complex

• Modifies and packages proteins

• Produces different types of packages

• Has Secretory vesicles

• Makes Lysosomes

Lysosomes

• Made by Golgi Bodies

• Contain enzymes that digest non-usable

  materials within the cell

• Break down old organelles

• “Clean up crew” of the cell

• NOT FOUND IN PLANT CELLS

Mitochondria

• “Mighty Mitochondria”

• “Powerhouses” of the cell

• Where oxygen is used to break down food

• Provides ATP for cellular energy

• 
  

Centrioles

• Rod-shaped bodies made of microtubules

• Play a role in Mitosis

• Direct formation of spindle fibers

Multiple Choice

What is this?

• This is Patrick

• This is the Powerhouse of the Cell

• This is sus

• This is too legit to quit

PLANT CELLS

Different structures than animal cells

Cell Wall

• Rigid outer structure surrounding the cell membrane

Chloroplast

• Site of photosynthesis – creates

  C₆H₁₂O₆

• Structure is similar to mitochondria

• Increased surface area for chemical reactions (photosynthesis)

• Contains chlorophyll: Green pigment for photosynthesis

Central vacuole

• Large

• For storage

Multiple Select

Which organelles ARE found in animal cells

• Chloroplasts

• Cell membrane

• Cell Wall

• Mitochondria

Cell Diversity

Poll

How is your understanding of cytology?

• I get it, bring on the test!

• I understand most but not all

• I am somewhere in the middle

• I don't understand most of it

• When is extra help time again?