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We use a and an before singular countable nouns

a before nouns which begin with a consonant sound

an before nouns that begin with a vowel sound

a violine (consonant) an instrument (vowel)

a euro (consonant) an egg (vowel)

We use the before singular or plural nouns when we are talking about something specific (что-то конкретное определеное, известное всем говорящим)

They bought the house near the forest

We use the before the names of

• rivers (the Ishim river)
• seas/oceans (the Pacific Ocean)
• deserts (the Aralkum desert)

We don't use the before proper names:

Kairat is from Nur-Sultan