Industrialization Spreads

Industrialization Spreads

World History

Lesson Objectives

• Describe industrialization in the United States and Europe

• Identify the effects of industrialization on the rest of the world.

• Identify thinkers and ideas that support and reject industrialization.

• Describe the reform movements of the 1800s.

Britain forbidden engineers, mechanics, and toolmakers to leave the country.

In 1789, a young British mill worker Samuel Slater emigrated to the United States and built a spinning machine from memory and a partial design.

In 1793, he built the Slaters's Mill in Rhode Island, and later became known as the Father of American Industry.

Open Ended

Why did Britain want to keep industrialization secret?

In 1794, Moses Brown opened the first factory in the US to house Slater's machine.

In 1813, Francis Cabot Lowell of Boston and four other investors revolutionalized the American textile industry.

By the late 1820s, Lowell, Massachussets had become a booming manufacturing center and a model for other industrial towns.

Samuel Slater's "Rhode Island System" hired entire families and divided the work into simple tasks.

Such a system was emulated by mill owners throughout the Northeast.

Multiple Choice

How did the Rhode Island system differ from other mill towns?

• Entire families were hired to work in the mill towns.

• Children were prohibited from working i the mill towns.

• Only adult males were allowed to work dangerous tasks.

• Only young women were allowed to work the textile machines.

Mill Girls - single women flocked from their rural homes to work as mill girls in factory towns. They were watched closely by their employers as they toiled more than 12 hours a day, 6 days a week for decent wages.

Mass Production - system of manufacturing large numbers of identical items.

Industrialization

• Interchangeable parts - identical machine-made parts.

• Assembly line - products moves from worker to worker.

• Division of labor - different workers do different tasks.

• Specialization - separation of tasks where one person specialize.

• Economic interdependence - people relied on one another for the resources, goods, and services they need.

Capitalism

• Adam Smith's Wealth of Nations

• Laissez Faire - letting owners of industry and business set the working conditions without interference.

• law of self-interest - people work for their own good.

• law of competition - forces people to make a better product

• law of supply and demand - enough goods would be produced at the lowest possible price to meet the demand in a market economy

In the last decades of 1800s, United States experienced a technological boom --- the Second Industrial Revolution.

Immigrants, both skilled and unskilled, contributed to the nations's economic success and its cultural diversity.

United States Railway System

Corporations - business owned by stockholders who share in its profits but are not personally responsible for its debts.

Standard Oil founded by John D. Rockefeller and Carnegie Steel Company founded by Andre Carnegie.

Big business also made big profits by reducing the cost of producing goods. In this case, workers earned low wages for laboring long hours, while stockholders earned high profits and corporate leaders made fortunes.

Unionization

• Unions - workers joined together in a form of voluntary labor associations

• Strike - act of refusing to work whenever factory owners refused the demand of the workers.

Socialism

• Utilitarianism - the philosophy that promotes how people should judge ideas, institutions, and action on the basis of their utility, or usefulness. Famous thinkers include Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mills.

• Socialism - promotes that all factors of production should be owned by the public and operate for the welfare of all. Thinkers: Charles Fourier and Robert Owen.

Continental Europe Industrializes

• Belgium adopted Britain's new technology as they had rich deposits of iron ore and coal.

• Germany copied the British model as they imported equipment and engineers. The built railroads that linked its growing manufacturing cities such as Frankfurt.

Continental Europe Industrializes

• Pockets of industrialization arose in Bohemia (spinning industry), Spain (cotton), and Italy (textile and silk spinning).

• France, initially avoided industrialization until 1850 when the government began railroad construction.

• Russia's moved toward industrialization was inspired by their intention of getting more power in Europe.

Multiple Choice

Why did Germany industrialize at a later date than Great Britain or the United States?

• Germany lacked sufficient coal of iron deposits.

• Germany had a small population that lived in rural ares.

• Germany was politically separated into many smaller states.

• Germany relied on canals instead of railroads to transport raw materials.

Impact of Industrialization

Industrial Revolution shifted the world balance of power as it increased economic competition between industrialized nations and poverty in less-developed nations.

Rise of Global Inequality

Transformation of Society

Open Ended

Page 613: How did industrialization help develop imperialism?

Multiple Choice

Which statement accurately describes the effect of imperialism during the nineteenth century?

• International competition for colonial markets increased.

• Less-developed nations in Asia and Africa became industrialized.

• Economic inequality between industrial and agricultural countries narrowed.

• Less-developed nations in Asia and Africa became wealthy from selling raw materials.

Open Ended

Prove me wrong by making a counter-argument with two lines of reasoning:

Industrialization significantly advanced human progress through the sprawling of cities and emergence of new rich.