gene regulation and meiosis

gene regulation and meiosis Slides

Gene

a segment of coding DNA that expression is regulated by the cell/organism

Human Genome (all DNA)

• 23 pairs of chromosomes

• pairs are formed from mother and father

• karyotyping- categorizing of chromosomes based on the size and the last set is the sex determining

Multiple Choice

Most gene regulation happens at which step along the way?

• translation
• transcription
• signal transduction
• DNA replication

Protein synthesis

• transcription- DNA to mRNA in the nucleus

• translation- mRNA and tRNA build amino acid chain that folds into a protein in the ribosome

• tRNA- has a anticodon end that adheres to the mRNA strand and an amino acid attachment

mRNA codon chart

• mRNA is read in segments of 3 nucleotide

• each set of 3 nucleotides codes for an amino acid

• STOP codons signal the completion of the gene sequence and the amino acid chain is released from the ribosome

Multiple Choice

What amino acid is represented by the codon UUA?

• Phenylalanine
• Tyrosine
• Leucine
• Stop codon

Multiple Choice

tRNA site that binds to a strand of mRNA and acts as the interpreter for a specific amino acid

• anticodon

• amino acid

• STOP codon

• ribosome

Gene Regulation

• Prokaryotes-operon

• Eukaryotes- transcription factors

Multiple Choice

What is an operon?

• a part of a ribsome

• a part of a Rna

• a unit made up of linked genes that code for proteins needed to do a specific task

• needed for dna replication

Multiple Choice

What is the name given to part of a DNA molecule that codes for a protein?

• Glucose
• Chromosome
• Gene
• Phosphate

Mutations

• DNA gene mutation- a single protein can be affected

• Chromosomal mutation- entire segments or multiple genes are affected

Multiple Choice

A chromosomal mutation affects the transcription and translation of a single gene

• True

• False

Gene Mutations

• substitution/point mutation- 1 nucleotide is altered

• insertion- adding a nucleotide in the sequence affecting the translation of a single protein

• deletion- deleting a single nucleotide from the gene affecting the translation of a single protein

Multiple Choice

DNA molecule segment is : TTA-CGC-AAG

The mutated DNA segment is TTC-GCA-AG. This is an example of ___ mutation.

• Substitution

• Deletion

• Insertion

• Inversion

Multiple Choice

What mutation has occurred here?

T-G-A-C-C-A

T-G-A-G-C-A

• Substitution

• Deletion

• Insertion

• Frameshift

Frameshift

• insertion or deletion of a nucleotide in the gene sequence

• abnormal protein translation

Multiple Choice

What type of mutation is shown in the image?

• Frameshift

• Nondisjunction

• Trinucleotide Repeat Expansion

• Silent Mutation

Chromosome Mutation

• duplication

• deletion

• inversion

• translocation

Multiple Choice

Inversion

• When a segment of a chromosome breaks off.

• When a segment of a chromosome breaks off, flips, and reattaches.

• When a segment of a chromosome is copied or doubles.

• When a segment of a chromosome breaks and attaches to a non homologous chromosome.

• When entire chromosomes don't separate evenly during meiosis.

Multiple Choice

What type of chromosomal mutation has occurred?

• substitution
• insertion
• deletion
• nondisjunction

Multiple Choice

Identify the mutation in the picture.

• Inversion
• Duplication
• Deletion
• Translocation

Meiosis

Meiosis

• reproductive cell division

• genetic variation

Multiple Choice

Which process is necessary for the inherited traits of an organism to be passed along by sexual reproduction?

• mitosis
• meiosis
• mutation
• fission

Multiple Choice

Which of the following cell types is formed by meiosis?

• muscle cells
• skin cells
• sperm cells
• blood cells

PMAT

• during prophase crossing over occurs

• segments of homologous chromosomes are crossed

Multiple Choice

__________-RE-ORDERS THE BASE SEQUENCE ;

EXAMPLE TO CREATE MORE GENETIC DIVERSITY

(ATA-CCG) TO (TTA-GGC)

• CROSSING OVER

• MITOSIS

• ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION

Multiple Choice

• INCREASES GENETIC VARIATION

• TAKES PLACE IN PROPHASE I

• CROSSING OVER

• ALL ARE TRUE

Division

• during meiosis a reproductive cell goes through 2 stages of division (PMAT)

• this results in 4 genetically different single strand chromosomes called haploid cells

Multiple Choice

Why is meiosis important for sexual reproduction? 

• It allows the zygote formed from fertilization to have triple the chromosome number of the organism. 
• It allows gametes to have twice the original number of chromosomes of the organism.
• It allows gametes to have half the original number of chromosomes of the organism.
• It allows the zygote formed from fertilization to have half the original number of chromosomes of the organism.

Multiple Choice

How many times in meiosis does the cell divide?

• 2

• 4

• 3

• 1

Multiple Choice

A human being has a somatic cell that has 46 chromosomes. What is the haploid number found in a gamete (reproductive cell)?

• 23

• 46

• 69

• 92