Quarter 2 Benchmark Review

Social Studies Benchmark Review

8th Grade South Carolina History

Quarter 2

2021-2022​

Impact of the French and Indian War

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Multiple Choice

How did the outcome of the French and Indian War impact France?

• France moved its fur trading posts to South America.

• France took over lands that had been controled by Native American tribes.

• France lost control of its territories in North America.

• France made a formal alliance with the American colonists.

Multiple Choice

How did the results of the French and Indian War affect Spain?

• Spain relinquished control of its territory in Florida.

• Spain formed an alliance with France.

• Spain gained control of the Mississippi River.

• Spain sold a portion of its territory to the Native Americans.

The Cherokee War

Some text here about the topic of discussion

The Rise of King Cotton

• The prosperity of rice and indigo enjoyed by South Carolina planters before the American Revolution did not return after the war.

• Cotton became a staple crop in the South; however, cotton had sticky seeds that were time-consuming to pick out of the cotton boll (the white fluffy part).

• The invention of the cotton gin changed everything...Invented by Eli Whitney...allowed a slave to remove the seed quickly and easily.

• Acres and acres of land were cleared to grow cotton...great demand for it in the industries in the North and Great Britain.

• By 1811, SC's cotton crop was about 50 million pounds, more than 500 times what it had been in 1794.

• Contributed to the growth of slavery.

Multiple Choice

What impact did Eli Whitney's invention of the cotton gin have on the slave population in South Carolina?

• The slave population decreased as white workers opened factories that replaced slave jobs.

• The slave population increased as more cotton was grown and processed.

• The slave population decreased as slave owners needed fewer slaves to work the machines.

• The slave population remained steady a slave owners did not need to import more slaves.

Equal Representation

• Cotton could be grown in both the Low Country and the UpCountry. As a result, UpCountry farmers increased their ownership of slaves.

• For years, Low Country planters had resisted giving the UpCountry equal representation in the state legislature out of fear that the UpCountry did not support slavery.

• However, now that the UpCountry relied on slave labor for cotton, the elites of the Low Country were less fearful of the loss of political power to the UpCounty.

• As the number of slaves in the UpCountry increased, the willingness of the Low Country to share power increased as well.

• Compromise of 1808- Representation would be based equally on the white population and the amount of taxable property (slaves).

• Those areas that had the most slaves continued to have unequal control of the legislature, but now both the Low Country and the UpCountry had their share of slaves and their share of political power.

Multiple Choice

How did the invention of the cotton gin impact the relationship between the Upcountry and the Lowcountry?

• Cotton became less profitable, and the tobacco farms of the Upcountry took power away from the Lowcountry.

• Cotton became attractive business business that brought northerners into the area, increasing political tensions.

• Cotton became a more profitable crop, and the Upcountry began to increase the use of slave labor, easing tensions.

• Cotton became such a dominant crop that the agriculture of the Lowcountry increased the region's domination of politics.

Multiple Choice

This chart shows the impact of the cotton gin.

Planters relied more on slavery. Cotton became cheaper to produce. Up Country men bought slaves. ?????

In regards to SC, which statment would complete this chart?

• Representation in the legislature became more equal.

• Slavery became a more politically divisive issue.

• Cotton became less popular as a cash crop.

• The governor of SC banned slavery.

Sectionalism

• An exaggerated loyalty to one's section rather than to the country as a whole.

• Issues such as nullification, states' rights, and slavery contributed to the growth of sectionalism in the country.

• Growing differences between the North and the South in the economy, labor, role of the federal government, and attitudes towards slavery also contributed to the growth of sectionalism.

• Sectionalism will eventually lead to the Civil War.

Multiple Choice

What is the best example of sectionalism?

• supporting legislation that benefits the entire country as a whole

• remaining loyal to a particular region of the country rather than to the interests of the whole nation

• developing small "countries within a country" based around specific interests and laws

• dividing nations into smaller entities that rarely interact with each other

Multiple Choice

What is the main reason sectional differences arose between the North and the South during the Antebellum Era?

• The two regions had dramatically different religious backgrounds.

• The two regions had different economic and social systems.

• The two regions were in competition since they produced the same goods.

• The two regions fought over access to scarce resources.

Andrew Jackson's Presidency

• Andrew Jackson, a South Carolinian, was elected president in 1829. His vice-president was John C. Calhoun, also a South Carolinian.

• During the Jackson presidency, a debate raged between Jackson and Calhoun over the issues of states' rights and nullification.

• States' Rights is the belief that the rights/powers of the states are greater than the rights/powers of the federal government.

• Nullification- A state has the right to refuse to obey/enforce federal law if the state believes that the law is unconstitutional and violates the states' rights or sovereignty.

• Calhoun was the chief spokesman for states' rights...Jackson rejected the idea of states' rights and encouraged states to obey all federal laws (against nullification)

Multiple Choice

What was the major difference between Andrew Jackson and John C. Calhoun?

• Calhoun supported states' rights, and Jackson favored a strong federal government.

• Calhoun opposed slavery as morally wrong, and Jackson supported it as a form of cheap labor.

• Calhoun supported the growth of industry, and Jackson wanted the country to remain rural.

• Calhoun opposed the right to vote for all people, and Jackson supported allowing all citizens over 21 years of age the right to vote.

The Nullification Crisis

• The debate over the protective tariffs (1816, 1828, 1832)

• Protective tariffs raised the prices of foreign-made goods to a level at or above the prices of those same goods in the U.S.

• Protective tariffs favored the manufacturing states in the Northeast at the expense of the South...The tariff ended up raising the prices of many of the goods the South imported.

• 1832- SC (with the encouragement of John C. Calhoun) nullified the tariffs of 1828 and 1832 and threatened to seceded from the Union if the federal government resorted to force.

The Nullification Crisis

• President Andrew Jackson openly attacked nullification, calling it treason, and he promised to use force to ensure the laws of the United States were obeyed (Force Bill)

• The standoff between President Jackson and SC was prevented with a compromise tariff.

• SC continued to maintain its right to nullify laws the state did not agree with.

Multiple Choice

Which of the following statements describes John C. Calhoun's position on the Nullification Crisis?

• Calhoun believed that it would break apart the Union if one state decided that it was going to nullify a federal law.

• Calhoun believed that it was okay for an individual state to nullify a law so long as the state received approval from the federal government before the law was passed.

• Calhoun believed tha the public should be able to vote on certain laws, and the law should be nullified if the majority was against it.

• Calhoun believed that individual states should be able to nullify federal laws if the laws were damaging to the state.

Multiple Choice

Which of the following men led the South's fight against the Tariff of Abominations?

• Andrew Jackson

• John C. Calhoun

• Daniel Webster

• Alexander Hamilton

Multiple Choice

When South Carolina passed a resolution claiming nullification of the 1828 and 1832 tariffs, President Jackson

• asked John C. Calhoun of South Carolina to resign as vice president

• accepted Calhoun's voluntary resignation as vice president

• threatened to send U.S. troops into South Carolina to enforce federal laws

• asked Congress to expel South Carolina from the Union

Multiple Choice

President Jackson viewed South Carolina's Ordinance of Nullification

• as treasonous.

• as a legitimate expression of states' rights.

• as a peaceful means of preserving the Union.

• as a declaration of war.

Multiple Choice

Why were many South Carolinians opposed to the adoption of a protective tariff?

• The tariff added a tax to cotton exported to foreign countries.

• The tariff added a tax to goods that were produced with slave labor.

• The tariff increased prices on goods imported from foreign countries.

• The tariff decreased the amount northern manufacturers paid for cotton.

Multiple Choice

What did Calhoun propose South Carolina and other states should do when a federal law appeared to be unconstitutional?

• present a lawsuit to the Supreme Court

• nullify the law and refuse to follow it

• propose new legislation via their senators

• secede from the nation

Multiple Choice

How did Andrew Jackson resolve the issue of South Carolina's refusal to pay the tariff?

• He compromised by threatening the use of force while also lowering the tariff rates.

• He took a hard line and used the military to enforce the collection of tariffs in Charleston.

• He agreed with South Carolina and stated that they did not have to pay the tariff.

• He fired his Vice-President, John Calhoun, and declared South Carolina a rebelling state.

Indian Removal

• Under steady pressure from President Andrew Jackson, in 1830, Congress passed the Indian Removal Act...authorized the removal of Indians who lived east of the Mississippi River.

• Congress established Indian Territory, an area containing most of present-day Oklahoma, as a new homeland for removed tribes.

• Supporters of Indian removal argued that it would protect Indians from further conflicts with American settlers.

• 1838- U.S. troops began to force the removal of all Cherokee to Indian Territory. Ther Cherokee's 800 miles forced march, known as the Trail of Tears, lasted from 1838-1839.

• Almost 1/4 of the 18,000 Cherokee died from disease, hunger, and harsh weather.

Multiple Choice

Which president enacted the Indian Removal Act?

• John Quincy Adams

• Abraham Lincoln

• Thomas Jefferson

• Andrew Jackson

Multiple Choice

Which present-day state were most of the Native Americans relocated to during the 1830s?

• Georgia

• Oklahoma

• North Carolina

• Mississippi

Multiple Choice

Native American tribe in northwest Georgia that was forcefully removed during the Trail of Tears.

• Seminole

• Creek

• Cherokee

• Choctaw

Westward Expansion and the Debate Over Slavery

• As more and more states applied to join the Union, the United States had to constantly revisit the question of how far slavery would expand into new states/territories.

• Southern states are going to object to any attempt by the federal government to restrict the spread of slavery westward, claiming that slaves were property (a right Am. citizens can not be denied).

• The Abolititionist Movement, a movement to end slavery, began to grow in the free states (states where slavery was prohibited).

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Multiple Choice

People who considered themselves to be abolitionists advocated for what issue?

• the end of slavery

• voting rights for women

• free public education

• outlawing alcohol

The Road to War

• While there were a number of different events that put the nation on the road to war, the Fugitive Slave Law and the Dred Scott decision further divided the North and the South.

• Fugitive Slave Law- Part of the Compromise of 1850; allowed for the arrest of escaped slaves in areas where slavery was illegal and required their return to slaveholders; abolitionists opposed this act claiming that it put the federal government in the business of slavery.

• Dred Scott- Sued for his freedom, claiming that he was free when his master took him into free territory. The Supreme Court ruled that African-Americans were not U.S. citizens and any restriction on slavery by Congress was unconstitutional.

Multiple Choice

One of the most controversial parts of the Compromise of 1850 was the passage of the "Fugitive Slave Law." South Carolinians supported this law, but it angered people in the North because it did which of the following?

• Enabled a plantation owner to have slaves in the free states of the North so long as the slaves were purchased in the South.

• Provided southern slave owners a new slave if one of his slaves ran away to a free state.

• Protected the rights of southern slave owners to travel North into the free states to recover a runaway slave at the government's expense.

• Forced citizens in the North to provide housing and assistance to a slave who has run away from his home in the South.

Multiple Choice

Why were many South Carolinians supportive of the Supreme Court's decision in the case of Dred Scott v. Sanford (1857)?

• It made protective tariffs illegal.

• It gave states the right to secede from the Union.

• It protected the rights of slave owners.

• It declared Kansas and Nebraska to be slave states.