11.4 Cell Differentiation

11.4 Cell Differentiation

Differentiation

• Process of specialization in cells

• Once specialized can't change

• Once a skin cell always a skin cell

• From one cell (zygote) to trillions of cells and many different types of cells (skin, muscle, nerve cells)

Mapping Differentiation

• This worm follows a somewhat predictable path in development.

• Starting as only 1 cell the worm follows a program that after certain cell divisions happen cells become specialized/programmed to become a nerve cell or skin cell.

• The human body also follows a plan that specializes certain cells after certain cell divisions happen

Stem Cells

• Stem Cells-Unspecialized cells that have not been programmed

• Totipotent-Zygote and first few divisions (Develop new organism)

• Pluripotent-Can develop into any type of body cell (Step below Toti)

• Multipotent-Can develop into a limited number of cell types (Multipoptent bone marrow cells can specialize into heart cells but not nerve cells or white blood cells-Pluripotent could produce those)

Embryonic Stem Cells

• ^{Totipotent - Total Body Cells}

• ^{Pluripotent - Many Body Cells}

• ^{More versatile than adult stem cells}

• ^{Can develop into any body cell}

Adult Stem Cells

• Multipotent - Several Body Cells

• Hematopoietic stem cells are multipotent adult stem cells that can produce many different types of white blood cells

• Differentiate into a limited range of cell types

• Can harvest your own stem cells

Multiple Choice

What do haematopoietic stem cells give rise to?

• Any cell type
• All muscle cells
• All blood cells
• All brain cells

Multiple Choice

What is the difference between embryonic stem cells and adult stem cells?

• Embryonic stem cells can differentiate into more cell types than adult stem cells
• Adult stem cells are pluripotent, just like embryonic stem cells
• Adult stem cells can differentiate into more cell types than embryonic stem cells
• Adult stem cells grow bigger than embryonic stem cells

Multiple Choice

What does "pluripotent" mean?

• able to divide and make many different types of cells
• not able to divide
• can only divide and make one cell type 
• if it divides, it will make a cancerous tumor

Multiple Choice

Stem cells can be obtained from

• embryos
• some adult tissues
• umbilical cord blood
• all of the above

Multiple Choice

Stem cells are

• cells that grow uncontrollably
• undifferentiated and can be any type of cell
• never go through cell division
• only found in embryos

Multiple Choice

Which stem cells have the most potency?

• Multipotent
• Pluripotent
• Totipotent
• Unipotent

Multiple Choice

can become any of the three cell layers in a

developing embryo (endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm), but not the placenta surrounding the embryo.

• Totipotent

• Pluripotent

• Multipotent

Multiple Choice

partially differentiated, with only the capacity to become one cell type.

• Totipotent

• Pluripotent

• Multipotent

Multiple Choice

a cell that has the most potential, able to become any type of cell.

• Totipotent

• Pluripotent

• Multipotent

Multiple Choice

What is cell differentiation?

• The process where unspecialized cells become different in structure and function.

• When DNA controls the cell cycle.

• The ability of cells to make more cells.

• The ability of cells to maintain homeostasis.

Multiple Choice

Which is true about Adult Stem Cells.

• They no longer do mitosis, their cell type is set and can not change
• They are limited to the type of  cell they can become.
• They can become any cell type in the body
• They are found in embryos

Multiple Choice

Which type of cell is unspecialized?

• skin cell
• stem cell
• liver cell
• muscle cell

Multiple Choice

What is the difference between embryonic stem cells and adult stem cells?

• Embryonic stem cells can differentiate into more cell types than adult stem cells
• Adult stem cells are pluripotent, just like embryonic stem cells
• Adult stem cells can differentiate into more cell types than embryonic stem cells
• Adult stem cells grow bigger than embryonic stem cells

Multiple Choice

Stem cells are

• cells that grow uncontrollably

• undifferentiated and can be any type of cell

• never go through cell division

• only found in embryos

Stem Cell Research

• Harvest from donor

• Inject into patient

• Healthy donor cells differentiate or specialize to help replace patients damaged cells/tissue

• Good cells from donor divide instead of damaged cells

• Replace damage heart tissue

• Generate strong white blood cells

Multiple Choice

Why was U.S. federal funding for embryonic stem cell research restricted?

• controversy over using discarded human embryos
• controversy over research that could cure diseases
• controversy over using bodies donated to medical reseaarch
• controversy over scientists being paid too much money

Multiple Choice

Medical research involving stem cells is important for ...

• to test the effectiveness of new drugs

• the generation of cells and tissues that can be used in cell based therapies

• to understand the consequences of turning genes off and on

• All of the above

Multiple Choice

Stem cells are used to __________.

• make clones
• create new species of animals
• make babies
• grow different types of tissues

Multiple Choice

Stem cell research is controversial because in involves?

• social issues
• ethical issues
• educational issues
• economical issues

Multiple Choice

All organisms start life as__________?

• a developed embryo
• a blastocyst 
• one cell
• pluripotent cells 

Multiple Choice

Medical researchers are interested in stem cells because they?

• are found in all types of tissues
• can produce different cells types
• are highly specialized
• are found only in embryos

Multiple Choice

what is the role of stem cells in the body 

• fight against infection 
• provide specialized roles in the body 
• used for fertility treatment 
• they produce new specialized cells in the body to replace old cells that are used up 

Multiple Choice

Which is true about embryonic stem cells?

• They no longer divide, their cell type is set and cannot change.

• They can develop into only one type of cell.

• They can become any cell type in the body.

• They are found in adults.

Multiple Choice

Which is true about embryonic stem cells?

• They no longer divide, their cell type is set and cannot change.

• They can develop into only one type of cell.

• They can become any cell type in the body.

• They are found in adults.