Animal Biology - Topic A6 and A7 Revision

Topic A6 and A7 Revision

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Gross structure of the excretory system to include:

• Mammals – kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra

• Birds – kidneys, ureters, cloaca.

Open Ended

Name the 4 structures of the urinary system.

Multiple Choice

Which structures takes urine to the bladder?

• Ureter

• Urethra

Nephron

• Structure

• Ultrafiltration

• Role of loop of Henle (including adaptations to length)

• Action of ADH in osmoregulation

Open Ended

Describe the changes in the kidney if their is excess water in the body.

Removal of nitrogenous waste in mammals and birds

• Uric acid

• Urea

Multiple Choice

Birds remove ammonia as what?

• Urea

• Uric acid

Open Ended

What role does the skin have in excretion?

Nephritis and liver cirrhosis.

• Symptoms

• Effects

Normal temperature ranges in (endothermic) mammals and birds 

Thermoregulation

• Negative feedback

• Heat loss and heat gain centres in the hypothalamus

• Thermoreceptors

Warming and Cooling

• Evaporative; sweat production, gular fluttering and panting

• Pili erector muscles in erection or flattening of feathers or hairs

• Overall effect of seasonal plumage/coat changes

• Basic mechanism of shivering, role of brown adipose tissue

• Effect of changes in metabolic rate

• Behavioural changes

• Mechanism and effect of vasodilation or vasoconstriction of arterioles next to the skin

Open Ended

How to endotherms maintain their temperature, even when the environmental temperature changes?

Open Ended

What is the effect of vasoconstriction?

Warming and Cooling

• Contribution of countercurrent mechanisms to heat regulation.

Hypothermia and Hyperthermia

• Symptoms, causes and consequences

Open Ended

State 2 symptoms of hyperthermia