Connections 1: Final Test Review

Connections 1: Final Test Review

Topics

• Tag Questions

• Emphatic Sentences

• Perfect Modals

• Passive Voice

• First Conditional

• Hope

• Second Conditional

Tag Questions

Who can tell me what are tag questions? Why do we use them?

Tag Questions are used to confirm what we are saying is true or to seek agreement with someone.... aren't they?

Lets look at the rules....

Tag Question Grammar Rules

• An Affirmative Sentence will always come with a Negative Tag Question

• A Negative Sentence will always come with an Affirmative Tag Question - this includes sentences with words: never, nothing, no one, nobody, etc.

• The tag question is based off the subject and the verb tense - Example: He is smart, isn't he? / They were happy, weren't they?

• Demonstative pronouns follow these rules: This/that --> it, These/Those --> They

• Indefinite pronouns follow this rule: Someone/Somebody/Everybody/Everyone --> They

Examples

• She is an amazing cook, isn't she?

• You had a lot of fun, didn't you?

• Nobody likes pineapple pizza, do they?

• Faby will be in class tomorrow, won't she?

• We shouldn't go there, should we?

Emphatic Sentences

• What is an emphatic sentence? Why do we use it?

Emphatic sentences are used to make the meaning of our sentence sound "stronger"

Let's dive in....

Emphatic Sentences grammar rules:

• If your sentence contains an AUX, use the AUX to emphasize your sentence (ex: can, will, must, has, don't, didn't, etc.)

• If your sentence DOESN'T contain an AUX, use do, does, or did - this depends on the tense you're speaking in

• If your sentence contains the verb "to be" as an AUX or verb - emphasize "to be" (ex: is, am, are, was, were)

• If you use do, does, or did - make sure you change your verb to it's base form

Examples:

• This coffee tastes awful. --> This coffee DOES taste awful

• John has worked hard all week. --> He HAS worked hard all week.

• I went to the party. --> I DID go to the party.

• She is beautiful. --> She IS beautiful.

• I hate pineapple pizza. --> I DO hate pinneapple pizza.

• We don't know them. --> We DON'T know them.

• I had a lot of fun. --> I DID have a lot of fun.

Perfect Modals

What are Perfect Modals? What are the four we learned?

Perfect Modals are used to express degrees of certainty.

should have, must have, may/might have, could have

Perfect Modals expression and grammar:

• Should Have - expresses past advice - "you should have done this, but you didn't"

• Must Have - expresses strong possibility - "this must have happened, I'm very sure of it"

• May/Might Have - expresses possibility - "this might have happened, but I'm not sure"

• Could Have - expresses past ability - "this could have happened, but we know it didn't"

• Subject + Perfect Modal + Past Participle + Compliment

• Always use the Past Participle in these sentences

Examples: "I failed the exam."

• You should have studied more. - this is my ADVICE

• The test must have been difficult. - I'm VERY SURE it was, it's a strong possibility

• You might have misunderstood some questions. - I'm NOT SURE, but it's a possibility

• You could have passed the test. - This DIDN'T HAPPEN, but you had the ability to

• Can anyone provide more examples???

Examples: "I didn't wear a coat when I was outside yesterday and now I feel sick."

• You should have worn a coat. - What other past advice do you have?

• It must have been very cold yesterday. - What other strong possibilities can you think of?

• It may have rained too. - What other possiblities are there?

• You could have checked the weather before going outside. - What other past abilities are there?

• 
  

Passive Voice

What is the Passive Voice? When would we use it?

The Passive Voice is used when the focus of the sentence is the direct object (the thing the action happens to)

Let's dig deeper.... :)

Passive Voice grammar rules:

• Object (s) + Verb "To Be" + Past Participle + Agent

• Passive Voice can be used in any tense: Present, Past, Future, Perfect, Progressive - Verb "To Be" determines the tense

• The Agent is always used with the word "by" (ex: by them, by Faby, by the students)

• If the Agent is not known OR very unimportant, then don't put it

Passive Voice Verb Tenses:

• Simple Present: Active - John cleans the house. / Passive: The house is cleaned by John. - Verb "To Be": is, are, am

• Simple Past: Active: John cleaned the house. / Passive: The house was cleaned by John. - Verb "To Be": was, were

• Future Tense: Active: John will clean the house. / Passive: The house will be cleaned by John. - Verb "To Be": will be

• Perfect Tense: Active: John has cleaned the house. / Passive: The house has been cleaned by John. - Verb "To Be": have/has been

• Present Progressive: Active: John is cleaning the house. / Passive: The house is being cleaned by John. - Verb "To Be": is, are, am being

First Conditional - Present Real

What does the first conditional express??

The Present Real expresses true or possible ideas/events in the present or future

These events can REALLY happen - they are possible based on current circumstances

First Conditional grammar rules

• Divided into two clauses - "if clause" and "result clause"

• If clause - verb is ALWAYS in the SIMPLE PRESENT

• Result clause - AUX is "will" + verb is ALWAYS base form

• The AUX can express different degrees of certainty - might/can/should

• Grammar Structure:

  If + subj + verb (SP) + comp + , + noun + will + verb (base) + comp

• A conditional sentence can be written backwards as well:

Examples:

• If I am hungry, I will eat pizza.

• If she goes to the mall, she will buy clothes.

• If they go to class, they will learn a lot.

• If Ria wants a dog, I won't buy her one.

• If I'm not tired, I won't take a nap.

Hope Clauses

These are connected to the Present Real...

Hope clauses express a wish about the future, however, we use the SIMPLE PRESENT to express this.

These are real situations people hope for

Hope Clauses Grammar Rules

• Grammar Structure:

  Subj + HOPE(S) + noun (subj/obj) + verb (SP) + comp

• Sentences can express hopes for yourself or others - but the SIMPLE PRESENT is always used

• Negative Grammar Structure

  Subj + HOPE(S) + noun (subj/obj) + DON'T/DOESN'T + verb (base) + comp

Examples:

• I hope I win the lottery.

• She hopes I like her cooking.

• They hope they get a lot of gifts.

• We hope we don't fail the test!

Second Conditional - Present Unreal

Let's take a look

The Present Unreal expresses untrue situations/ideas/events about the present with a DESIRED consequence - opposite of reality

We ALWAYS use the SIMPLE PAST + WOULD to express this

Present Unreal Grammar Rules

• If clause - SIMPLE PAST

• Result Clause - WOULD

• Grammar Structure

  If + subj + verb (past) + comp + , + noun + would + verb (base) + comp

• Verb to be - ALWAYS use WERE/WEREN'T in if clause

Examples;

• If I liked that music, I would listen to it

• If she ate a lot of candy, she wouldn't be healthy.

• If I loved baseball, I wouldn't miss a game.

• If the Celtics won the championship, I would be so happy.

• If the students didn't come to class, they wouldn't review for the test.

The End

Please study... :D