DNA-Introduction

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

Introduction

Fill in the Blanks

The hereditary material of all life is

Multiple Choice

DNA stands for

• dinoxinuclear acid

• deoxyribonucleic acid

• deoxyribonucleic acid

• dimethylnoroacetic acid

Multiple Select

The rails of the DNA ladder are made of ________ and _________.

• sugars

• nitrogen bases

• phosphates

• nucleic acids

Multiple Select

The rungs of the ladder are made of __________

• sugars

• phosphates

• nitrogen bases

• nucleic acids

Multiple Choice

The building blocks of DNA are

• nucleic acids

• sugars

• nitrogen bases

• nucleotides

Multiple Select

Nucleotides are made of ________, _______, and ________.

• sugars

• nucleic acids

• phosphates

• nitrogen bases

Multiple Select

How many nitrogen bases are there in DNA?

• 1

• 2

• 3

• 4

• 5

Multiple Select

Which of the following are nitrogen bases found in DNA?

• Adenine

• Guanine

• Uracil

• Thymine

• Cytosine

Multiple Select

In base pairing rules

• A binds with G

• T binds with A

• C binds with T

• G binds with C

Multiple Choice

What type of bond holds the base pairs together in DNA?

• Covalent bond

• Ionic bond

• Hydrogen bond

Multiple Choice

What type of bond holds the rails of the DNA together?

• Covalent bond

• Ionic bond

• Hydrogen bond

Multiple Choice

Which bond is strongest?

• Covalent bond

• Ionic bond

• Hydrogen bond

Multiple Choice

Which bond is weakest?

• Covalent bond

• Ionic bond

• Hydrogen bond

SNPs

• pronounced "snips"

• Single nucleotide polymorphism

• "Poly-" : Many

• morphisms: different forms, variations

Multiple Choice

How many base pairs are in the human genome?

• 1 million

• 2 million

• 1 billion

• 3 billion

Multiple Choice

How many SNPs are in the human genome?

• 1 million

• 10 million

• 1 billion

• 3 billion

• 10 billion

Multiple Choice

True or false. Most SNPs provide observable differences in people

• True

• False

Multiple Choice

The number of different SNPs between two individuals can tell us how related they are.

• True

• False

Heritability

• Most phenotypic traits vary among the individuals in a population.

• For many traits, an individual’s phenotype is

  determined by environmental influences as well as their genetic makeup.

• A measure of the degree to which

  differences in a trait are the result of genetics is called heritability.

Heritability Values

• Range from 0 to 1.

• A heritability value of 1.0 means that 100% of the differences in a trait found among individuals in apopulation are caused by

  genetic differences.

• A heritability value of 0.0 means that 100% of the differences in a trait found among individuals in a population are caused by

  environmental differences.

Multiple Choice

The measure of the relative frequency of an allele is called

• relative frequency

• allele percentage

• allele frequency

• relative percentage

Multiple Choice

A heritability of 1.0 means

• 100 % of the differences in a trait are due to genetics

• 100% of the differences in a trait are due to environmental factors

• 0% of the differences are due to environmental or genetic factors

• 100% of the differences are caused by both genetic and environmental factors

Multiple Choice

A heritability of 0.0 means

• 100 % of the differences are caused by genetic factors

• 100% of the differences are caused by environmental factors.

• 0% of the differences are caused by environmental factors or genetic factors

• 100% of the differences are caused by both genetic and environmental factors

Multiple Choice

In the activity today, it is stated that skin color has a heritability of .83. What would you conclude?

• skin color is mostly genetic

• skin color is mostly environmental

Multiple Choice

.83 heritability would also indicate that

• 83% of the differences between two individuals is due to genetics

• 17% of the differences between two individuals is due to environmental causes.

• both are correct

Estimating heritability

• Biologists estimate by comparing a trait among close relatives

• The more similar the the expression of the trait is between close relatives, the more likely it will have high heritability

• Therefore, studying identical twins is especially valuable