reported speech

REPORTED SPEECH

Reported Speech’in kelime anlamı “Dolaylı Anlatım”dır. Yani herhangi bir zaman diliminde kurulmuş bir cümlenin başkalarına dolaylı yoldan aktarılma şeklidir.

Olayın gerçekleşme anı geçmiş, şimdiki veya gelecek zamanda olabildiği gibi başka birine anlatıldığı zaman aralığında, olayla aynı zaman diliminde veya sonrasında da olabilir.

Dolaylı anlatıma basit bir örnek verelim.

Cümle: Jane: I am going to my friend’s party.

(Jane: Ben arkadaşımın partisine gidiyorum.)

İlk cümle, Jane’nin ağzından çıkan cümlenin orijinal halidir.

Cümle: Jane said, “I am going to my friend’s party.”

(Jane, “Ben arkadaşımın partisine gidiyorum.” dedi.)

İkinci cümlede anlatılmak istenen, cümle bozulmadan aktarılır. Buna İngilizcede “Direct Speech” de denir. (Jane böyle dedi.)

Reported Speech Cümle: Jane said (that) she was going to her friend’s party.

(Jane, arkadaşının partisine gideceğini söyledi.)

Üçüncü cümlede ise anlatan kişi olayı dolaylı yoldan aktarır. Buna da rapor etmek, anlatmak anlamında “Reported Speech” ya da “Indirect Speech” denir. Cümlede kullanılan tense bir önceki tensle yer değiştirir, özneler ve iyelik ekleri anlatıcıya göre değişir

Reported Speech Kullanım Kuralları

Dolaylı anlatımın genel kuralı, anlatılanları bir adım geri alarak aktarmaktır. Yani kullanılan zaman dilimleri bir zaman geriden söylenir. Zamirler anlatıma göre değişime uğrar. Zaman zarfları, anlatıma göre bir önceki zamandan aktarılır.

Bir cümleyi dolaylı anlatım ile anlatırken aşağıdaki kuralları göz önüne alarak bildirmek gerekir:

Tenslerin Kullanımı

Reported Speech’te tensler (zamanlar) en önemli konudur. Çünkü olayın gerçekleşme zamanı ile anlatılma zamanları farklı olabilir. Bu nedenle report edilecek cümlenin tensi bir önceki zamandan söylenir.

Direct Speech Reported Speech

Present Simple Past Simple

Present Continuous Past Continuous

Present Perfect Past Perfect 

Past Simple Past Perfect

Future Simple Would

Örnek:

·      

  She said “I work a bank.”

She said (that) she worked a bank.

·        She said “John is sleeping.”

She said (that) John was sleeping.

·      

Multiple Choice

he said “I visit a zoo.”

• he said (that) he visited a zoo

• he said (that) he visit a zoo.

Multiple Choice

he said “I am a teacher.”

.

• he said (that) he was a teacher

• he said (that) he were a teacher

Multiple Choice

She said “Jane is cooking.”

• She said (that) Jane were cooking.

• She said (that) Jane was cooking

Multiple Choice

She said “they are playing.”

• She said (that)they were playing

• She said (that)they was playing

He said “I was reading the newspaper when you were at the door.”

He said (that) he had been reading the newspaper when I had been at the door.

Multiple Choice

He said “I was swimming in the pool when you were out”

• He said “he had been swimming in the pool when ı had been out”

• He said “I were swimming in the pool when ı were out”

  They said “We will call him later.”

They said (that) they would call him later.

 

Multiple Choice

They said “We will go to holiday later.”

.

• They said (that) they were going to holiday later

• They said (that) they would go to holiday later

simple past cümlesi---past perfect tense

she said she went home yesterday

she said that she had gone home the day before

Multiple Choice

Emma: "The train left at eight."

• Emma said (that) the train had left at eight

• emma said that th train was leaving at eight

Multiple Choice

Mum: "William repaired the printer."

• Mum remarked (that) she has repaired printer

• Mum remarked (that) he had repaired the printer

Multiple Choice

Sophia: mike forgot his keys."

• Sophia said (that) she would forget his keys

• Sophia said (that) he had forgotten his keys

Multiple Choice

Toby: "Jeff didn't like the food in the restaurant."

• Toby mentioned (that) he hasnt liked food in the restaurant

• Toby mentioned (that) he hadnt liked food in the restauran

Multiple Choice

Dad: "Emily didn't eat potatoes as a child."

• Mum told me (that) she doesnt eat potatoes as a child."

• Mum told me (that)she hadnt eaten potatoes as a child."

Personal Pronouns, Possessive Pronouns ve Possessive Adjectives Kullanımı

Reported Speech’te personal pronouns (kişi zamirleri), possessive pronouns (iyelik zamirleri) ve possessive adjectives (iyelik sıfatları) direct cümle ile aynı kalmaz. 

Cümleyi kuran “I (ben)” kişi zamirini kullanıyorsa anlatıcı “he/ she (o)” kişi zamirini kullanarak söylemelidir.

He said “We will finish the project.”

He said (that) they would finish the project. (“Biz” zamiri “onlar” olarak değişmiş.)

Aynı şekilde aitlik bildiren iyelik zamir ve sıfatları da kişi zamirleri gibi değiştirilmelidir

Multiple Choice

· Tom said “My mother bought some apple from the market.” (direct)

söyledi.)

• Tom said (that) his mother had bought some apple from the market.

• Tom said (that) their mother had bought some apple from the market.

Multiple Choice

She said “I can write a letter to you.”

• She said (that) she could write a letter to me.

• She said (that) she could write a letter to her

Time Expressions Kullanımı

Dolaylı anlatımlarda zaman ifade eden time expressions yani zaman ifadeleri ve kalıpları, aynı tenslerde olduğu gibi anlam bütünlüğünü koruyabilmek amacıyla değişmelidir. Aksi halde cümlenin asıl sahibinin bahsettiği zaman dilimi değil, anlatıcının kastettiği zaman dilimi anlaşılabilir. Bu da yanlış bir bilgi olur

Now Then

Today- Tonight

That day- That night

Tomorrow The next day The following day

Yesterday The day before/ The previous day

This (evening) That (evening) 

These days Those days

Last (month) The (month) before / The previous (month)

Next (weekend The (weekend) after / The following (weekend)

Multiple Choice

He said “I will take him to office tomorrow.” –

• He said (that) he would take him to office the next day/ the following day

• He said (that) he would take him to office the day before

Multiple Choice

· She said “I am eating ice cream now.” –

• She said (that) she was eating ice cream that day

• She said (that) she was eating ice cream then.

Multiple Choice

· He said “We went to London last week.” –

• He said (that) they went to London the week before/ the previous week.

• He said (that) they went to London the following month