IGCSE PE Ch.11.4: Injuries

IGCSE PE Ch.11.4: Injuries

Learning Objectives

• Describe the potential causes of, and simple treatments for minor injuries.

• Explain the causes of bruises, muscle, tendon and ligament injuries.

• Know how to use the RICE method for treating these injuries.

Poll

Learning Goals:

• Level 1: I can identify the types of minor injuries and provide sporting examples.

• Level 2: I can understand the types of minor injury, provide sporting examples, and identify how to use the RICE method to reduce pain.

• Level 3: I can explain how minor injuries and injuries to muscles, ligaments and tendons happen, and how to use the RICE method to reduce pain and prevent further damage.

Open Ended

What kind of injuries can happen during physical activities?

Injuries in Sport

Taking part in sport carries risks for participants of getting hurt or injured. Fortunately, serious injuries are fairly rare; the majority of injuries suffered are soft tissue or minor injuries.

Soft :Tissue

• Tendons

• Ligaments

• Muscles

• Fat

• Skin

• Nerves and blood vessels

Multiple Select

Suggest two types of hard tissue.

• Scott

• Bones

• Kleenex

• Teeth

Multiple Choice

State the role of ligaments.

• Connects muscles and bones.

• Act as a cushion at the end of bones.

• Holds bones together.

Multiple Choice

State the role of tendons.

• Connects muscles and bones.

• Act as a cushion at the end of bones.

• Holds bones together.

Open Ended

Have you ever been hurt or injured while taking part in physical activity? What happened? How did you treat the injury?

Minor Injuries

Injuries, that can be dealt with at the scene of the incident by a first aider.

These include Blisters, Bruises, Cuts and Grazes, and Winding.

Blisters

A small pocket of fluid that forms in the upper layers of skin after it has been damaged. Often caused by repeated rubbing of the skin.

Most blisters are filled with fluid; either blood or puss.

Multiple Choice

Suggest a treatment for dealing with a blister.

• wrap an ice pack in a cloth and apply to the injured area

• keep the injured area elevated above the heart where possible

• cover with a plaster

Blisters: Treatment

Do not pierce the bubble. of an unbroken blister. Cover with a plaster or a gauze pad or dressing.

If a blister is already burst, do not peel the dead skin on top. Allow the fluid inside to drain and wash it with mild soap and water. Cover the area with a dry, sterile dressing to protect it from infection.

Bruises

Bluish or purple-coloured patches that appear on the skin when capillaries break or burst underneath. Blood leaks into the soft tissue under the skin, causing discolouration.

Often caused by impact with hard objects.

Multiple Choice

Suggest treatment for dealing with a bruise.

• Cold compression, apply something very cold to the area to help reduce the swelling.

• keep the injured area elevated above the heart where possible.

• cover with a plaster.

Bruises: Treatment

Cold compressions such as a flannel or cloth soaked in cold water or an ice pack wrapped in a towel will help to reduce swelling and internal bleeding.

Cuts and Grazes

Cuts: where the skin is broken causing damage to blood vessels beneath.

Grazes: Where skin rubbed off again causing damage to blood vessels.

Multiple Choice

Suggest treatment for dealing with cuts and grazes.

• Cold compression, apply something very cold to the area to help reduce the swelling.

• keep the injured area elevated above the heart where possible.

• cover with a plaster.

• Apply pressure to the area use a clean, dry absorbent material, then apply a plaster.

Cuts and Grazes: Treatment

Stop any bleeding by applying pressure to the area using a clean, dry absorbent material - such as a bandage, towel or handkerchief.

When the bleeding has stopped, clean the wound and cover it with a dressing.

Winding

Winding is when you have taken a knock and have difficulty breathing because of exertion or a blow to the stomach.

Often caused by a blow to the abdomen by a ball or a hitting action, making the diaphragm go into a spasm.

Multiple Choice

Suggest treatment when a person is winded.

• Cold compression, apply something very cold to the area to help reduce the swelling.

• Sit in a crouched position

• cover with a plaster.

• Apply pressure to the area use a clean, dry absorbent material, then apply a plaster.

Winding: Treatments

Loosen clothing. Sit in a crouched position as this helps the muscles relax. Try to stay calm and take slow deep breaths.

Injuries to Muscles and Tendons

Sport and physical activity can place great demands on the body and at times the body cannot cope, with the results being a more serious injury, such as a sprain or strain, or even dislocation of a joint.

Muscle Injury

Muscle is over stretched or torn. This is also known as a strain.

Caused when muscles are over-used.

Muscle strains are particularly common in the legs and back, such as hamstring and lower back strains.

Tendon injury

Tendons can also be overstretched or torn (strained).

Inflamed tendons occur through repeated actions (e.g. tennis elbow).

Tendon injuries usually happy during activities that involve sudden, sharp movements, such as throwing or jumping, or after repeated overuse of the tendons, such as running.

Ligament injury

Also known as a SPRAIN.

Caused by the ligaments being twisted or pulled past their range of movement.

A serious injury is the ACL in the knee, a common injury in football or basketball.

Dislocation

Caused by sudden force that moves a joint out of position (e.g. an arm lock in judo).

A dislocated shoulder causes swelling and great discomfort.

Treatment: The RICE Method

The most effective treatment recommended for these kinds of injuries is the RICE method. This will provide a basic series of steps to support and relieve the injured player. It will help ease their pain and decrease the time of recovery.

However, if the injury is more severe, it is important to get that person to a hospital so they can receive specialist treatment.

Rest

The R in RICE stands for REST.

Stop the activity. Rest and protect the injured or sore area.

Ice

The I in RICE stands for ICE.

Apply an ice pack right away to reduce pain and minimise swelling. Then keep applying for 15-20 mins every few hours. A bag of frozen peas, or something similar will also work. Wrap the ice pack in a towel to avoid directly touching the skin.

Compression

The C in RICE stands for Compression.

Wrap the area in an elastic bandage. This will help decrease the swelling.

Elevation

The E in RICE stands for Elevation (Elevate).

Keep the injured body part raised above the level of the heart whenever possible. This may also help to reduce swelling.

Multiple Choice

The RICE treatment method is used to treat tendon injuries.

Suggest a reason for using Ice.

• Support the injured area.

• Increase blood flow to the injured area.

• Reduce swelling and pain of the injured area.

Multiple Choice

The RICE treatment method is used to treat tendon injuries.

Suggest a different reason for using compression.

• Support the injured area.

• Increase blood flow to the injured area.

• Reduce swelling and pain of the injured area.

Exam Questions

Open Ended

The RICE method can be used to treat some injuries.

Other than ice, name two parts of the RICE method.

[2]

Open Ended

The RICE treatment method is used to treat tendon injuries. Suggest a different reason for using each of the following components of the RICE treatment method:

Ice:

Compression:

[2]

(the reasons must be different)

Open Ended

Suggest a different cause and describe a different treatment to aid recovery for each of the following: [6]

Winding

Cause:

Treatment:

Muscle Strain

Cause:

Treatment:

Blister

Cause:

Treatment:

Open Ended

Reflection:

Rose - What went well?

Thorne: What did not go so well?

Bud: What can you do to get better?

Poll

Achieved Learning Goals:

• Level 1: I can identify the types of minor injuries and provide sporting examples.

• Level 2: I can understand the types of minor injury, provide sporting examples, and identify how to use the RICE method to reduce pain.

• Level 3: I can explain how minor injuries and injuries to muscles, ligaments and tendons happen, and how to use the RICE method to reduce pain and prevent further damage.