Reading & Writing Research Abstracts

Reading & Writing Research Abstracts

by Rungnapha Chewarussamee

Exercise 1

What can we call these sentences in an abstract?​

​Read and choose the best answers.

Multiple Choice

1. This paper explores the role of transformational leaders in supporting shared leadership.

• Purpose

• Design/Method

• Findings

Multiple Choice

2. The empirical analysis relies on a structural equation modeling (SEM) approach.

• Purpose

• Design/Method

• Findings

Multiple Choice

3. The article utilizes constructive developmental theory (C‐D theory) to explore and address the implications.

• Purpose

• Design/Method

• Findings

Multiple Choice

4. The purpose is to investigate whether entrepreneurial intention and its antecedents differ between developing and developed countries, and to test the theory in the two groups of countries.

• Purpose

• Design/Method

• Findings

Multiple Choice

5. Questionnaires were given to 250 staff of the hotels and 224 were returned with no problems.

• Purpose

• Design/Method

• Findings

Multiple Choice

6. Moreover, the respondents from developing countries also score higher on the theory's antecedents of entrepreneurial intentions.

• Purpose

• Design/Method

• Findings

Multiple Choice

7. This provides an insight into the key factors that influence employee engagement, with comparisons across different sectors.

• Purpose

• Design/Method

• Findings

Multiple Choice

8. They examine data from 94 countries from 1980 and 1999 and employ a fixed‐effects regression.

• Purpose

• Design/Method

• Findings

Multiple Choice

9. They do not find a statistically significant effect of openness on child labour.

• Purpose

• Design/Method

• Findings

Multiple Choice

10. The surveys are administrated in Chinese.

• Purpose

• Design/Method

• Findings

Multiple Choice

11. The results also show that the affective commitment acted as a partial mediator of the relationship between parent company POS and organizational‐directed OCB, and a full mediator of the relationship between subsidiary POS and organizational‐directed OCB.

• Purpose

• Design/Method

• Findings

Multiple Choice

12. The role of organization citizenship behavior on the customer satisfaction behavior is also explored.

• Purpose

• Design/Method

• Findings

Multiple Choice

13. The questionnaires pertaining to the use of impression management strategies toward superiors and peers were given to 208 employees from military and R&D organizations.

• Purpose

• Design/Method

• Findings

Multiple Choice

14. Data from 162 expatriates, working in 37 subsidiaries of multinational corporations located in Mainland.

• Purpose

• Design/Method

• Findings

Multiple Choice

15. The model tested suggests PO fit predicts OCB and that this relationship can be explained by the mediating role of WA.

• Purpose

• Design/Method

• Findings

Exercise 2

A. Find the key parts of an abstract.

Multiple Choice

Which one is the background of the abstract?

• The opportunity to design and deliver short programs on referencing and avoiding plagiarism for transnational University students has confirmed the necessity of combating both the "all-plagiarism-is-cheating" reaction and the "just-give-them-a-referencing-guide" response. The notion of referencing is but the tip of a particularly large and intricate iceberg.

• Consequently, teaching referencing is not adequate in educating students to avoid plagiarism.

• In this presentation I will use the transnational teaching experience to highlight what educating to avoid plagiarism entails.

Multiple Choice

Which one is the purpose of the abstract?

• The opportunity to design and deliver short programs on referencing and avoiding plagiarism for transnational University students has confirmed the necessity of combating both the "all-plagiarism-is-cheating" reaction and the "just-give-them-a-referencing-guide" response. The notion of referencing is but the tip of a particularly large and intricate iceberg.

• Consequently, teaching referencing is not adequate in educating students to avoid plagiarism.

• In this presentation I will use the transnational teaching experience to highlight what educating to avoid plagiarism entails.

Multiple Choice

Which one is the particular focus of paper?

• The opportunity to design and deliver short programs on referencing and avoiding plagiarism for transnational University students has confirmed the necessity of combating both the "all-plagiarism-is-cheating" reaction and the "just-give-them-a-referencing-guide" response. The notion of referencing is but the tip of a particularly large and intricate iceberg.

• Consequently, teaching referencing is not adequate in educating students to avoid plagiarism.

• In this presentation I will use the transnational teaching experience to highlight what educating to avoid plagiarism entails.

B. Model Informative abstract​

Find the key parts of an abstract.

Multiple Choice

Which one is the purpose of the abstract?

• Metalinguistic awareness contributes to effective writing at university. Writing is a meaning-making process where linguistic, cognitive, social and creative factors are at play. University students need to master the skills of academic writing not only forgetting their degree but also for their future career. It is also significant for lecturers to know who our students are, how they think and how we can best assist them.

• This study examines first-year undergraduate Australian and international engineering students as writers of academic texts in a multicultural setting at the University of Adelaide.

• A questionnaire and interviews we reused to collect data about students’ level of metalinguistic awareness, their attitudes toward, expectations for, assumptions about and motivation for writing

• The preliminary results of the research show that students from different cultures initially have different concepts about the academic genres and handle writing with different learning and writing styles but those with a more developed metalanguage are more confident and motivated.

• The conclusion can also be drawn that students’ level of motivation for academic writing positively correlates with their opinion about themselves as writers. Following an in-depth multi-dimensional analysis of preliminary research results, some recommendations for writing instruction will also be presented

Multiple Choice

Which one is the background of the abstract?

• Metalinguistic awareness contributes to effective writing at university. Writing is a meaning-making process where linguistic, cognitive, social and creative factors are at play. University students need to master the skills of academic writing not only forgetting their degree but also for their future career. It is also significant for lecturers to know who our students are, how they think and how we can best assist them.

• This study examines first-year undergraduate Australian and international engineering students as writers of academic texts in a multicultural setting at the University of Adelaide.

• A questionnaire and interviews we reused to collect data about students’ level of metalinguistic awareness, their attitudes toward, expectations for, assumptions about and motivation for writing

• The preliminary results of the research show that students from different cultures initially have different concepts about the academic genres and handle writing with different learning and writing styles but those with a more developed metalanguage are more confident and motivated.

• The conclusion can also be drawn that students’ level of motivation for academic writing positively correlates with their opinion about themselves as writers. Following an in-depth multi-dimensional analysis of preliminary research results, some recommendations for writing instruction will also be presented

Multiple Choice

Which one is the conclusion of the abstract?

• Metalinguistic awareness contributes to effective writing at university. Writing is a meaning-making process where linguistic, cognitive, social and creative factors are at play. University students need to master the skills of academic writing not only forgetting their degree but also for their future career. It is also significant for lecturers to know who our students are, how they think and how we can best assist them.

• This study examines first-year undergraduate Australian and international engineering students as writers of academic texts in a multicultural setting at the University of Adelaide.

• A questionnaire and interviews we reused to collect data about students’ level of metalinguistic awareness, their attitudes toward, expectations for, assumptions about and motivation for writing

• The preliminary results of the research show that students from different cultures initially have different concepts about the academic genres and handle writing with different learning and writing styles but those with a more developed metalanguage are more confident and motivated.

• The conclusion can also be drawn that students’ level of motivation for academic writing positively correlates with their opinion about themselves as writers. Following an in-depth multi-dimensional analysis of preliminary research results, some recommendations for writing instruction will also be presented

Multiple Choice

Which one is the results of the abstract?

• Metalinguistic awareness contributes to effective writing at university. Writing is a meaning-making process where linguistic, cognitive, social and creative factors are at play. University students need to master the skills of academic writing not only forgetting their degree but also for their future career. It is also significant for lecturers to know who our students are, how they think and how we can best assist them.

• This study examines first-year undergraduate Australian and international engineering students as writers of academic texts in a multicultural setting at the University of Adelaide.

• A questionnaire and interviews we reused to collect data about students’ level of metalinguistic awareness, their attitudes toward, expectations for, assumptions about and motivation for writing

• The preliminary results of the research show that students from different cultures initially have different concepts about the academic genres and handle writing with different learning and writing styles but those with a more developed metalanguage are more confident and motivated.

• The conclusion can also be drawn that students’ level of motivation for academic writing positively correlates with their opinion about themselves as writers. Following an in-depth multi-dimensional analysis of preliminary research results, some recommendations for writing instruction will also be presented

Multiple Choice

Which one is the method of the abstract?

• Metalinguistic awareness contributes to effective writing at university. Writing is a meaning-making process where linguistic, cognitive, social and creative factors are at play. University students need to master the skills of academic writing not only forgetting their degree but also for their future career. It is also significant for lecturers to know who our students are, how they think and how we can best assist them.

• This study examines first-year undergraduate Australian and international engineering students as writers of academic texts in a multicultural setting at the University of Adelaide.

• A questionnaire and interviews we reused to collect data about students’ level of metalinguistic awareness, their attitudes toward, expectations for, assumptions about and motivation for writing

• The preliminary results of the research show that students from different cultures initially have different concepts about the academic genres and handle writing with different learning and writing styles but those with a more developed metalanguage are more confident and motivated.

• The conclusion can also be drawn that students’ level of motivation for academic writing positively correlates with their opinion about themselves as writers. Following an in-depth multi-dimensional analysis of preliminary research results, some recommendations for writing instruction will also be presented

C. Model Informative abstract​

Find the key parts of an abstract.

Multiple Choice

Which one is the conclusion of the abstract?

COMMONLY ENCOUNTERED ERRORS ON ABSTRACT SUBMISSIONS

• The purpose of this study was to assess the types of errors encountered by dental hygiene reviewers who evaluated submitted abstracts for a national dental hygiene research conference.

• This single-blinded study utilized a convenience sample of 20 reviewers who were selected to complete a survey about commonly encountered errors on abstract review forms while evaluating abstracts submitted to a national dental hygiene research conference. The reviewers evaluated 80 submitted abstracts prior to completing the survey. The instrument used in the study contained 30 items with closed-ended responses which was previously pilot-tested with 5 other reviewers to establish content validity. Survey information was obtained through the use of an electronic online tool, and all responses remained confidential. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the data. IRB approval was obtained from the USC School of Dentistry.

• Failure to include all of the required elements was the most commonly reported error on submitted abstracts to a national dental hygiene research conference (35%). Other errors included typographical errors (23%), lack of information about statistical methods (20%), spacing errors (7%) and failure to include affiliation (3%).

• It is essential for prospective presenters to follow published recommendations to ensure that their abstracts conform to conference guidelines.

• Prospective presenters for research meetings often submit abstracts that do not conform with published guidelines. It is important for researchers to know how to correctly prepare and submit an abstract.

Multiple Choice

Which one is the methods of the abstract?

COMMONLY ENCOUNTERED ERRORS ON ABSTRACT SUBMISSIONS

• The purpose of this study was to assess the types of errors encountered by dental hygiene reviewers who evaluated submitted abstracts for a national dental hygiene research conference.

• This single-blinded study utilized a convenience sample of 20 reviewers who were selected to complete a survey about commonly encountered errors on abstract review forms while evaluating abstracts submitted to a national dental hygiene research conference. The reviewers evaluated 80 submitted abstracts prior to completing the survey. The instrument used in the study contained 30 items with closed-ended responses which was previously pilot-tested with 5 other reviewers to establish content validity. Survey information was obtained through the use of an electronic online tool, and all responses remained confidential. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the data. IRB approval was obtained from the USC School of Dentistry.

• Failure to include all of the required elements was the most commonly reported error on submitted abstracts to a national dental hygiene research conference (35%). Other errors included typographical errors (23%), lack of information about statistical methods (20%), spacing errors (7%) and failure to include affiliation (3%).

• It is essential for prospective presenters to follow published recommendations to ensure that their abstracts conform to conference guidelines.

• Prospective presenters for research meetings often submit abstracts that do not conform with published guidelines. It is important for researchers to know how to correctly prepare and submit an abstract.

Multiple Choice

Which one is the purpose of the abstract?

COMMONLY ENCOUNTERED ERRORS ON ABSTRACT SUBMISSIONS

• The purpose of this study was to assess the types of errors encountered by dental hygiene reviewers who evaluated submitted abstracts for a national dental hygiene research conference.

• This single-blinded study utilized a convenience sample of 20 reviewers who were selected to complete a survey about commonly encountered errors on abstract review forms while evaluating abstracts submitted to a national dental hygiene research conference. The reviewers evaluated 80 submitted abstracts prior to completing the survey. The instrument used in the study contained 30 items with closed-ended responses which was previously pilot-tested with 5 other reviewers to establish content validity. Survey information was obtained through the use of an electronic online tool, and all responses remained confidential. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the data. IRB approval was obtained from the USC School of Dentistry.

• Failure to include all of the required elements was the most commonly reported error on submitted abstracts to a national dental hygiene research conference (35%). Other errors included typographical errors (23%), lack of information about statistical methods (20%), spacing errors (7%) and failure to include affiliation (3%).

• It is essential for prospective presenters to follow published recommendations to ensure that their abstracts conform to conference guidelines.

• Prospective presenters for research meetings often submit abstracts that do not conform with published guidelines. It is important for researchers to know how to correctly prepare and submit an abstract.

Multiple Choice

Which one is the results of the abstract?

COMMONLY ENCOUNTERED ERRORS ON ABSTRACT SUBMISSIONS

• The purpose of this study was to assess the types of errors encountered by dental hygiene reviewers who evaluated submitted abstracts for a national dental hygiene research conference.

• This single-blinded study utilized a convenience sample of 20 reviewers who were selected to complete a survey about commonly encountered errors on abstract review forms while evaluating abstracts submitted to a national dental hygiene research conference. The reviewers evaluated 80 submitted abstracts prior to completing the survey. The instrument used in the study contained 30 items with closed-ended responses which was previously pilot-tested with 5 other reviewers to establish content validity. Survey information was obtained through the use of an electronic online tool, and all responses remained confidential. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the data. IRB approval was obtained from the USC School of Dentistry.

• Failure to include all of the required elements was the most commonly reported error on submitted abstracts to a national dental hygiene research conference (35%). Other errors included typographical errors (23%), lack of information about statistical methods (20%), spacing errors (7%) and failure to include affiliation (3%).

• It is essential for prospective presenters to follow published recommendations to ensure that their abstracts conform to conference guidelines.

• Prospective presenters for research meetings often submit abstracts that do not conform with published guidelines. It is important for researchers to know how to correctly prepare and submit an abstract.

​Exercise 3

A. Change each word to Past Simple verb form​

Fill in the Blanks

1. describe

Fill in the Blanks

2. aim

Fill in the Blanks

3. take

Fill in the Blanks

4. report

Fill in the Blanks

5. identify

Fill in the Blanks

6. discuss

Fill in the Blanks

7. conduct

Fill in the Blanks

8. find

Fill in the Blanks

9. investigate

Fill in the Blanks

10. involve

​Exercise 3

B. Choose the most appropriate word for each blank.​

Multiple Choice

This 1.____ is an attempt to understand the satisfaction indicator among International Travelers relating to the heritage sites of India.

• interview

• shows

• paper

• researcher

• analyzed

Multiple Select

Secondary data was 2.____from journals, books, magazines, Internet as well as government agencies, whereas primary data was collected through brief, on-site 3.____ based on a structured, non-disguised questionnaire.

• collected

• shows

• interviews

• researcher

• analyzed

Multiple Choice

The study 4.____ that the satisfaction level of tourists in India is 5.72 in the scale of 10.

• collected

• shows

• interviews

• researcher

• analyzed

Multiple Choice

This 5.____was further analyzed on different factors and researcher tried to find out the impact of various factors on overall tourist satisfaction.

• collected

• shows

• interviews

• researcher

• data

Multiple Choice

The satisfaction was also 6. ____ gender wise, which gave an idea that overall women are more satisfied than men.

• collected

• shows

• analyzed

• researcher

• data

Multiple Choice

The 7.____also tried to find out the status of these factors in India and suggested some measures which can be utilized for up gradation of tourism Industry in India.

• collected

• shows

• analyzed

• researcher

• data

​Exercise

​Passive Voice : Present Simple

Fill in the Blanks

1. The documents/print

Fill in the Blanks

2. The questionnaires/ contribute

Fill in the Blanks

3. The article/analyze

Fill in the Blanks

4. The research/read

Fill in the Blanks

5. Regression analysis/perform

Fill in the Blanks

6. Employees/motivate

​Exercise

​Passive Voice : Past simple

Fill in the Blanks

1. Tests/write

Fill in the Blanks

2. Participates/classify

Fill in the Blanks

3. The data/collect

Fill in the Blanks

4. Qualitative research/ conduct

Fill in the Blanks

5. The factor/focus