3D Modals in the past (M.5 p.34)

3D Modals in the past (M.5 p.34)

Exercise 3 LEARN THIS! box

​a. We use may (not) / might (not) / could have +V3

​to speculate about the past. We don't use couldn't have in this way.

​เราใช้ may (not) / might (not) / could have +V3 (อาจจะ(ไม่)...) ในการคาดเดาเหตุการณ์ในอดีต เราไม่ใช้ couldn't have ในกรณีนี้

Ex. She might have been worried about something

(ตอนนัันเธออาจจะกังวลเกี่ยวกับอะไรบางอย่าง)

​b. We use should/shouldn't have or ought (not) to have + V3

​to say what the right or wrong way to behave was.

​เราใช้ should/shouldn't have หรือ ought (not) to have + V3 ((ไม่)ควร/(ไม่)น่า...) ในการบอกว่าการกระทำนั้นถูกหรือผิด

Ex. He shouldn't have left early. He ought to have stayed.

(ตอนนั้นเขาไม่น่าออกไปก่อนเลย เขาควรจะอยู่ต่อ)

c. We sometimes use an exclamation with might have or could have + V3 (but not may have or negative forms) to tell somebody how we think they should have behaved.

บางครั้ง​เราใช้ might have or could have + V3 ในการอุทาน เพื่อบอกใครสักคนว่าเขาควรจะทำอย่างไรในความคิดของเรา

Ex. You might have offered me a biscuit! I was starving!

(คุณน่าจะเสนอให้บิสกิตให้ฉันนะ ตอนนั้นฉันหิวมากกก)

d. We use must have and can't / couldn't have + V3 to make logical deductions about the past.

เราใช้ must have (ต้องใช่แน่ๆ) และ can't / couldn't have + V3​ (ไม่ใช่แน่ๆ)

ในการอนุมานแบบนิรนัย(สรุปจากส่วนรวมไปหาส่วนย่อย) เกี่ยวกับเหตุการณ์ในอดีต

Ex. They can't have known about the meeting.
(พวกเขาต้องไม่รู้เกี่ยวกับการประชุมแน่ ๆ)

​They must have understood your email.
(พวกเขาต้องเข้าใจอีเมลของคุณแน่ ๆ)

e. We use should have + V3 and was/were supposed to V.inf to talk about things we expect to have happened.

เราใช้ should have and was supposed to have + V3 เมื่อพูดถึงสิ่งที่เราคาดหวังว่าควรเกิดขึ้นแล้ว

Ex. She left an hour ago, so she should have reached the airport by now.

She was supposed to take the tickets with her.
(เธอออกไปตั้งแต่ชั่วโมงที่แล้ว ดังนั้นเธอน่าจะถึงสนามบินแล้วตอนนี้ เธอก็น่าจะเอาตั๋วไปด้วยแล้วเช่นกัน)

Exercise 4​

Replace the underlined modal verb​ with a more suitable one.

Sometimes more than one answer is possible.

Multiple Choice

1. They mustn't have seen Max - he's away on holiday.

• shouldn't/oughtn't to

• may not/might not

• can't/couldn't

Multiple Choice

2. Joe knew about the strike. He must have warned me!

• can't/couldn't

• might/could

• mustn't

Multiple Choice

3. I couldn't have yawned when Tim told that story. It was a bit rude of me.

• shouldn't/oughtn't to

• can't

• may not/might not

Multiple Choice

4. It was so noisy. It's possible he ought not to have heard us.

• shouldn't/oughtn't to

• can't

• may not/might not

Multiple Select

5. I emailed Erin a week ago, so she can't have read it by now.

• should/ought to

• must

• may not/might not

Multiple Choice

6. I don't know if Jake is coming. I left a note for him but he should not have seen it.

• can't

• must

• may not/might not

Exercise 5 Look out!​

​needn't have / didn't need to

​1. We use needn't have + past participle (V.3)

​to say an action that was done was unnecessary.

เราใช้ needn't have + past participle (V.3) เพื่อบอกว่าสิ่งที่ทำไปแล้ว ไม่จำเป็นเลย

Ex. The cafe isn't open yet. I needn't have got here so early.
ร้านกาแฟยังไม่เปิด ฉันไม่จำเป็นต้องมาที่นี่เร็วขนาดนี้ (มาถึงร้านกาแฟแล้ว)

2. We use didn't need to + V.infinitive

​to say an action was unnecessary, whether or not it was done.

เราใช้ didn't need to + V.infinitive เพื่อบอกว่าสิ่งนั้นไม่จำเป็นเลย ไม่ว่าจะทำแล้วหรือไม่ก็ตาม

Ex. The bus stopped nearby, so I didn't need to walk far.
รถเมล์จอดใกล้ ๆ ดังนั้นเราไม่จำเป็นต้องเดินไกล (ยังไม่ได้เดิน)

Exercise 6

Look at the sentences. Are both verbs correct, or only one?

Multiple Select

1. He ________ all that food. Most of the guests didn't turn up.

• needn't have cooked

• didn't need to cook

Multiple Select

2. We had a full tank of petrol, so we ________ to get any.

• didn't need to stop

• needn't have stopped

Multiple Select

3. The hotel provided towels, so I ________ any.

• didn't need to take

• needn't have taken

Multiple Select

4. They ________ long as the queue was very short.

• needn't have waited

• didn't need to wait

Multiple Select

5. She ________ for the meal as it was free.

• didn't need to pay

• needn't have paid

Page 130 Grammar Builder 3.3 Modals in the past

Choose the correct ending, a or b.

Multiple Choice

1. Pete isn't here. He _______

• a. can't have got my email.

• b. might have got my email

Multiple Choice

2. My parents aren't very happy. I _______

• a. was supposed to have lied to them.

• b. shouldn't have lied to them.

Multiple Choice

3. Is your cousin driving into town? She _______

• a. must have offered us a lift!

• b. could have offered us a lift!

Multiple Choice

4. The concert hasn't started yet. We_______

• a. needn't have rushed to get here.

• b. might not have rushed to get here.

Multiple Choice

5. We haven't seen Zoe recently. She_______

• a. must have gone on holiday.

• b. ought to have gone on holiday.

Multiple Choice

6. I already had some stamps so I _______

• a. may not have bought any.

• b. didn't need to buy any.

Multiple Choice

7. If you sent her a text earlier, she _______

• a. should have read it by now.

• b. didn't need to read it by now.

Multiple Choice

8. Why's the cafe closed? It _______

• a. was supposed to have opened by now.

• b. needn't have opened by now.