Ch 2.1 - 2.2

​Chapter 2

​2.1 Biomolecules

2.2 Cells

2.3 Tissues​

Molecules of Life 2.1

​Biomolecules/Macromolecules

​

Organic Compound	​Elements	​Building Blocks
​Carbohydrates	Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen	​Monosaccharides
​Lipids	​Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen	​Glycerol and fatty acids
​Proteins	​Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Sulfur	​Amino Acids
​Nucleic Acids	​Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, and Phosphorus	​Nucleotides

​Carbohydrates

​

​

• Monosaccharids

  • Glucose

  • Fructose

  • Galactose

• Polysaccharides

  • ​Glycogen

  • Starch

  • Cellulose

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​Proteins

​

​

​Chains of amino acids linked by peptide bonds

​20 different types of amino acids

​

protein structure

Primary

Secondary

Tertiary

Quaternary

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​Lipids

• ​fats and oils

  ​

​

• ​fatty acid chains

• Glycerol​

​Lipids

• Steroids

  ​

​

• ​Phospholipids

  ​

​Nucleic Acids

​

​chains of nucleotides

• DNA

  • base pairs

    • Adenine with Thymine

    • Guanine with Cytosine

• RNA

  • messenger RNA

  • transfer RNA

  • ribosomal RNA

​

​Water

​

​structure of water

• hydrogen bonding gives water many of its properties as a polar molecule

  • Universal solvent

  • Adhesion

  • Cohesion

  • Capillary Action

  • High Specific heat

​

​pH Scale

Cells 2.2

​Basic Cell Structure Review

​

• ​Plasma membrane

  • regulation of intracellular concentrations

  • Phospholipid bilayer

    • Phosphate head (hydrophilic)

    • Lipid tails (hydrophobic)

    ​

​Basic Cell Structure Review

​

• Plasma membrane

  • Channel Proteins

    • Movement of Larger molecules or charged ions

  • Aquaporins

    • Water Channel​

​Basic Cell Structure Review

​

• Plasma membrane

  • Cholesterol

    • Membrane fluidity

  • ​Glycoproteins (carbohydrate proteins)

    • Extracellular communication

    ​

Multiple Choice

The part of a cell that regulates the movement of ions and molecules in and out of the cell

• mitochondria

• cell membrane

• cytoplasm

• nucleus

Multiple Select

The primary structural components of the cell membrane is comprised of all of the following...

• phospholipid bilayer

• lipids

• glycoproteins

• cholesterolemia

​Passive Transport

​Moves along the Concentration Gradient

​

Does not require ATP​

​Active Transport

​Moves AGAINST the Concentration Gradient

​

requires ATP​

​Sodium Potassium Pump (Active Transport)

• ​Active transport

  • ​3 Na⁺ out

  • ​2 K⁺ in

• ​Maintains cell resting membrane potential-70mV

​Osmosis

• ​movement of WATER across a semipermeable membrane

Multiple Choice

What type of cellular transport requires the use of cellular energy to move molecules or ions against the concentration gradient?

• active

• passive

• osmosis

• the bus

Multiple Choice

What type of cellular transport is specific to water movement across a membrane

• active

• passive

• osmosis

• the bus

​Cytoskeleton

​

​Protein Fibers

• ​Strengthens and Shapes the cell

• Aids in intracellular transport, signaling, growth and movement

​

Types

• microfilaments ​

  • cellular contraction or movement

• ​Intermediate filaments

  • ​Cellular Cohesion

• Microtubules

  • ​dynamic regulation of cell growth and movement

​

​Cytoskeleton

​

• ​​Microvilli

  • ​collection of microfilaments that create a protrusion of the cell membrane increasing the cells surface area

• Cilia

  • ​microtubules that are covered by the cell membrane; aides in extracellular movement of substances

• ​Centrioles

  • a collection of microtubules that aides in cell division and can build other components of the cytoskeleton

​

​Mitochondria

​

​Cellular Respiration and ATP production

• ​Glycolysis

• ​Citric Acid Cycle

​Golgi Apparatus

​

• ​​Protein and Lipid Processing

• ​Vesicle transport

• ​Forms lysosomes (enzyme filled vesicles)

  ​

​

​Lysosomes

​Digestion

Acidic conditions that break down; cellular byproducts, bacteria, viruses

​Ribosomes and ER

​

• ​Ribosomes

  • Create polypeptide chains

• Endoplasmic Reticulum

  • ​Folds polypeptide chains to form functional protein structures

​

​

Multiple Choice

Organelle that synthesizes proteins

• lysosome

• endoplasmic reticulum

• mitochondria

• ribosomes

• lysosomes

​Nucleus

​

• ​​Nuclear membrane

  • protective membranes

  • nuclear pores

    • mRNA transport​

    • Protein transport

• Chromatin

  • DNA

    • genetic code

• Nucleolus

  • Location of ribosome synthesis ​

​Transcription and Translation Review

​

• ​Transcription

  • ​Complimentary strands of DNA are separated and a complimentary mRNA strand is made in the nucleus

• Translation

  • mRNA strand attaches to a ribosome in the cytoplasm or on the rough ER

  • tRNA recruits complimentary amino acids

  • forming a polypeptide chain

​

Multiple Choice

Transcription occurs where in the cell?

• nucleus

• mitochondria

• ribosome

• brain

​Cell Cycle

​

• ​Interphase

  • G1

    • Growth phase

  • S

    • DNA Synthesis

  • G2

    • organelle replication

• Mitosis

  • Prophase

  • Metaphase

  • Anaphase

  • Telophase ​

• Cytokinesis

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​Cancer and Cells

​

​Cancer cells are caused by a combination of Genetic and epigenetic factors

• ​carcinogen

  • cancer causing ​substance

​

​Specific alteration to a gene or cell group that disrupts normal cell function and the cell cycle

Multiple Select

Cancer growth is a signal that (check all that apply)

• dysregulation of homeostasis 

• uncontrolled cell division

• a result of genetic mutation 

• is always inherited