Malaria [UMMP]

Malaria [UMMP]

by AMIRAH amir

Fill in the Blanks

Which is the natural infective stage to humans?

​Answer: Sporozoite. Because this is the stage that enters human body

 

Multiple Choice

What is the definitive host for malaria?

• Mosquito

• Human

• Monkey

• Birds

Definitive host is the organism in which a parasite becomes mature and reproduces sexually

Multiple Choice

Which of the following is the most prevalent human malaria species outside of sub-Saharan Africa?

• Plasmodium knowlesi

• Plasmodium falciparum

• Plasmodium ovale

• Plasmodium vivax

• Plasmodium malariae

Multiple Choice

This is the vector for malaria.

• Aedes mosquito

• Sandfly

• Anopheles mosquito

• Tsetse fly

Open Ended

Other than through the bite of Anopheles mosquito, what are the ways human can acquire malaria infection?

Multiple Choice

Which of the following is the natural host for Plasmodium knowlesi?

• Human

• Orang utan

• Long tailed macaque

• Bats

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Multiple Choice

When does the fever in malaria occur?

• During rupture of schizont

• During ring development to trophozoite

• During inoculation of sporozoites

• During parasite invasion of liver cells

Multiple Choice

What type of fever does malaria cause?

• intermittent/ relapsing

• continuous

• remittent

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​Fever occurs after the rupture of blood schizont. Due to the release of toxins, pigments , merozoites, byproducts

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Release pyrogen

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Stimulate temp regulating centre in the brain

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FEVER

 

Multiple Select

Which species cause true relapse?

• Plasmodium knowlesi

• Plasmodium falciparum

• Plasmodium ovale

• Plasmodium malariae

• Plasmodium vivax

Multiple Select

Which species cause recrudescence?

• Plasmodium knowlesi

• Plasmodium falciparum

• Plasmodium ovale

• Plasmodium malariae

• Plasmodium vivax

Multiple Choice

Should asymptomatic carriers be treated?

• Yes

• No

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​Asymptomatic carriers can still be the source of infection and transmit the parasite to mosquitoes.

Multiple Choice

Are you protected from malaria if you live in an endemic region?

• Yes

• No

​ANSWER: ​NO. (but you are not subjected to hyperinfection)

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​Repeated antigen exposure from infective bites protects against high numbers of parasite and illness without eliminating the infection (premunition)

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This immunity disappears once the infection is eliminated.

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Open Ended

List the possible complications of malaria.

Open Ended

What are the antimalarial drugs that you know?

Open Ended

Why do you think we need many drugs to treat malaria?

Multiple Choice

This drug is used to prevent relapse.

• Chloroquine

• Quinine

• Artesunate

• Primaquine

• Lumefantrine

Multiple Choice

Who requires malaria chemoprophylaxis?

• Pregnant mother

• Traveller to endemic country

• Immunocompromised person

• Frontline healthcare worker

Multiple Choice

This the gold standard for malaria diagnosis.

• PCR

• Microscopy

• Rapid diagnostic test

• Culture

Multiple Choice

Which is the sample of choice to send to the lab for malaria diagnosis?

• Urine

• Stool

• Blood

• Cerebrospinal fluid

Multiple Choice

Why are the mature asexual stages of Plasmodium falciparum not seen in peripheral blood smear?

• They cannot develop in human blood

• The heat from the skin drives them away

• They are sequestered in the microvasculature

• They are eaten up by macrophages

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• ​Mature forms change the surface properties of infected RBC, causing them to stick to blood vessels (cytoadherence) → sequestration. This leads to obstruction of the microcirculation and results in dysfunction of multiple organs, typically the brain in cerebral malaria.

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• ​ As a result of this cytoadherence, the only asexual Plasmodium falciparum parasites found in peripheral blood smears are young (ring) stage parasites because their host RBCs do not yet have knobs and therefore do not cytoadhere to the microvascular endothelium.

Open Ended

List the preventive & control measures for malaria.

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​1.Vector control

Ø Insecticide-treated mosquito nets (ITNs)

Ø Indoor spraying with residual insecticides

2.Chemoprophylaxis

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​3.Mosquito avoidance measures

Ø insect repellent, wearing long sleeves & long pants

Multiple Choice

This test is required before taking primaquine.

• Renal profile

• Liver function test

• Full blood count

• G6PD test

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