ENGLISH IV

ENGLISH IV

​1st Midterm Review

​Grammar

WHAT IS A CLAUSE?

Sentences can be classified in terms of the kinds of clauses they contain.

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CLAUSE: group of words with SUBJECT and VERB​

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Independent Clause: Can stand alone as a complete sentence

Dependent Clause: it is an incomplete thought​

Typ​es of Sentences:

​SIMPLE

​COMPOUND

​COMPLEX

​NOUN CLAUSE

​ADJECTIVE CLAUSE

ADVERB CLAUSE

COMPLEX SENTENCES

​A dependent clause is dependent because its connecting word (because, if, so, which, that, etc.) links it to an independent clause.

Noun Clauses

Noun clauses replace the noun on a sentence.

It can refer to a person, place or thing

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​*that clauses

*if/whether clauses

*question clauses= who, what, where, when, how ​

Sometimes we want to use a question as part of another question or a statement. A question that is changed to a noun clause is called an embedded question.

Direct Question:

How did they have the idea?

Embedded Question:

I don't know how they had the idea

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​What was the first answer?

​I have no idea what the first answer was ​

How long ​will they wait for us?

I wonder how long they will wait for us. ​

Is she the new Prime Minister?

I can't tell if she is the new Prime Minister.​

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AdjectivE Clauses ​

​It modifies a noun or pronoun.​

• Relative pronoun: who, whom, whose, which, or that

• Relative adverb: when, where, or why

​Men who are not married are called bachelors.

Last year we traveled to San Francisco, which is famous for its architecture.

The man that was arrested will receive a 10-year jail sentence.

Sally is the girl whose parents died.​

This is the country where the horrible war started. ​

Multiple Choice

Choose the correct relative pronoun to complete the adjective clause.

Maria ____ father is a Spanish professor is my Spanish tutor

• who

• whose

• whom

• that

Multiple Choice

Tamaulipas is the state _____has high violence rates.

• which

• that

• where

• when

Multiple Choice

My neighbor, with _____ I talk every afternoon, just moved downtown.

• what

• which

• whom

• who

Multiple Choice

Animal experimentation, ____ is legal in many countries, should be prohibited.

• that

• -

• where

• which

AdjectivE Clauses ​

• Identifying: provides essential information to identify the noun

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• Non-identifying: provides additional information about the noun

​A structure that honors our first president is the Washington Monument.

The monument, which stands 555 feet tall, is an imposing landmark.

Multiple Choice

Read the following comlex sentence. Is the adjective clause idenitfying or non- identifying?

The llama, which is a member of the camel family, is found in South America.

• Identifying

• Non-identifying

Multiple Choice

The city that I visited last summer is growing rapidly

• Identifying

• Non-identifying

Multiple Choice

I met you at the party where Mary sang Happy Birthday to the wrong person.

• Identifying

• Non-identifying

Multiple Choice

Albert, who is always late, asked for summer vacations.

• Identifying

• Non-identifying

AdjectivE Clauses ​

They can be seen as a combination of two sentences.

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​¹A library is a place. ²You can find books there.

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A library is a place where you can find books. ​

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Adjective Clauses​ to Adjective Phrases

• He is the actor who is from the film school. -> c

• He is the actor from the film school.-> p

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• I read the note that was on my book.-> c

• I read the note on my book-> p

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Adverb Clauses ​

An adverb clause modifies a verb, an adjective, another adverb, or a sentence.

Adverb clauses always begin with a subordinator.​

Adverb Clauses ​

When he won the money, he decided to buy a car.​ (time)

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She would have been very unhappy if she hadn't won the lottery. (condition)

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He drove fast so that he could get to work on time. (​purpose)

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She got a parking ticket because she parked illegally. (reason)​

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Multiple Choice

Read the following sentence. Choose the subordinator.

Whenever I see the word test as the subject of an email, I always pay attention.

• always

• whenever

• I see

• I pay

Multiple Choice

Marcus went shopping while Sidney stayed in the car.

• went

• shopping

• while

Multiple Choice

Cinderella lost her shoe after the clock struck twelve.

• after

• lost

• struck

Review of Dependent Clauses

​Read the next complex sentences. What type of dependent clause they're using ?

Multiple Choice

Some people buy expensive cars simply because they can.

• noun

• adjective

• adverb

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This clause answers the question "why," showing cause, so it is an adverb clause. It does not act as a subject or object, and it does not modify a noun or pronoun.

 

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Multiple Choice

Many people hope that Canada can resolve its economic problems.

• noun

• adjective

• adverb

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This clause answers answers the question "what?", and acts as the direct object of the verb "hope."

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Multiple Choice

The books that the professor assigned were very expensive.

• noun

• adjective

• adverb

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This clause modifies the noun "books," and modifying a noun or pronoun is the function of an adjective or (in this case) of an adjective clause. ​

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