Iran, Turkey, and Cyprus History

Iran, Turkey, and Cyprus History

By Julia Dickerson

​The persian empire

Around 550 b.c., the persian king cyrus the great conquered the babylonian empire, in mesopotamia, and in many other lands. he created the persian empire.

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Multiple Choice

Who created the Persian Empire?

• Muhammad

• Cyrus the Little

• Cyrus the Great

• Alexander the Great

the persian empire

Cyrus and the rulers who followed him spread Persian control from modern Pakistan and Afghanistan in the east to modern Turkey, Cyprus, and Egypt in the west. This empire lasted about two hundred years. A Persian ruler was called the King of Kings, or the Great King.

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Persian EMpire

The Persians were not overly harsh rulers. They respected local traditions, though at the same time, they were willing to crush revolts brutally.

Art flourished under Persian rule. Kings brought artists and craftspeople to their capital. ​They built large palaces decorated with sculptures and jewels.

life in the persian empire

To control their empire, Persian rulers sent a governor, called a satrap, to run each province. A general commanded the army, and a third official collected taxes.

The Persians separated their powers, so that one satrap did not become too powerful.

The Persians built a system of roads to improve communication, travel faster, and make travel easier for merchants.

They also created a system of weights and measures, and created coins that could be used across the empire.​

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government and trade

​conquest by alexander the great!

The Persian Empire met its match in Alexander the Great! In the 330s B.C., Alexander led armies from Greece into Persia. He conquered the Persian Empire.

Alexander adopted ​some customs of Persian rulers.

Example - he wore Persian style clothing.

After his sudden death,​ his empire broke up into smaller kingdoms ruled by Greek Kings.

These kingdoms spread Greek culture throughout the region.

Eventually all of these Greek kingdoms fell too.​

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A new Persian empire, called the Sassanian empire, took their place. That empire dominated Iran for four hundred years.

They made Zoroastrianism their official religion, though many Jews and Christians lived under their rule.​

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The persian empire

​Romans, arabs, and turks

The Roman Empire had conquered Turkey and Cyprus. The eastern part of the Roman empire, usually called the Byzantine empire, survived after the wester part fell. ​It ruled the region until the A.D 1400s. Its capital was Constantinople, called Istanbul today. It was a Christian empire.

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Multiple Choice

What type of empire was Istanbul?

• Islamic

• Christian

• Jewish

• all of the above

ROmans, arabs, and turks

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In the 1000s, Muslim Turks from Central Asia migrated into Turkey and Iran and began to gain power. They spread their language and culture. They gave the country of Turkey its name.

​The Turks established kingdoms in the region. By the 1400s, the kingdom of the Turkish Ottoman family became the most powerful. ​The Ottomans claimed to be caliphs, or religious leaders of all Muslims. They captured Constantinople, and ended the Byzantine Empire.

the ottoman empire

In the 600s, Muhammad began to preach Islam in Arabia. His followers spread Islam in many regions. They defeated the Sassanian empire and conquered Iran.

Over time, Iranians converted to Islam. Iran became a vital part of Muslim economic and cultural life.

The first madrassas, or Islamic religious schools, were founded there.

Ethnic pride remained strong in Iran. Its native language and culture survived. ​

the arab conquest of iran

The Muslim Ottomans ruled over many Jews and Christians. They allowed their subjects to practice their own religions. Some Jews and Christians rose to high positions in the government.

Religious groups were organized into millets, or self governing​ religious communities. They had their own laws and leaders.

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The ottoman empire

Perhaps the greatest Ottoman ruler was Suleiman the Magnificent, who conquered much of southeastern Europe.

He was one of the richest rulers. He built mosques, schools, and libraries. His court was the center of art and culture. ​

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the safavids

In the 1500s, the Safavid empire rose in Iran. it fought several wars with the Ottomans. The Safavid ruler was called a shah, the Persian word for king. The Safavids made Shia Islam the official religion of Iran. This set Iran a part from its Sunni neighbors.

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Iranian art and architecture reached new heights under Safavid rule. The Safavids built a magnificent capital in Esfahan. ​It was famous for its dazzling mosques and beautiful flower gardens.

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​empires collapse in the modern age

By the 1800s, old empires in Turkey and Iran were losing power rapidly. European countries began to influence affairs in the region. But nationalists in Turkey and Iran opposed them.

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last days of the ottoman empire

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The soldiers killed many, and caused the death of others from starvation and disease.

Between 600,000 and 1,500,000 Armenians died.

Armenian genocide -is the killing ​of Armenians by Turkish leaders from 1915- 1918.

The leaders of modern Turkey do not use this term.

They deny the Turkish government's responsibility for the killings. ​

In the early 1900s, a group of army officers called the Young Turks took power in the Ottoman empire. They wanted to create a secular nation, like those of Europe. They sided with Germany in World War I.

Armenian Christians faced persecution before World War I. During the war, when some Armenians sided with Russia, the empire's enemy, Turkish soldiers forced large number of Armenian civilians from their homes onto long marches.

turkey forms

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Women were given more rights, the people were encouraged to wear westernized clothing, and language and writing were reformed.​

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Kemal ruled using undemocratic methods. Still, many of his reforms won great respect from the Turkish people.

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He called himself Ataturk - which means "Father of the Turks". Most Turks today see him as a national hero!​

The Ottoman empire collapsed after they lost in WWI. European powers took control of some of its lands.

Mustafa Kemal led forces to save Turkey's independence.

Under Kemal's rule, Turkey became a republic. He tried to modernize and westernize Turkey, to make it a more secular state.

The government would be strictly separated from religion. ​

A New Iran

Around the beginning of the 1900s, the dynasty that ruled Iran was in trouble. It had run OUT OF MONEY!

Russia and Britain controlled Iran's oil resources and influenced the government. Many Iranians resented this situation.

In the 1920s​, a military leader named Reza Pahlavi overthrew the government of Iran. He made himself shah. He tried to modernize and westernize Iran.

After 1941, his son, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, continued his work. He became a close ally to the United States.

In 1953, an elected government threw out the shah, but he returned with Armenian help. The shah became a more oppressive ruler.

He created a powerful secret police force that arrested or killed critics of his rule.​

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revolution in iran

The shah's repressive policies created opposition. One leading critic of the shah was Shia religious leader named Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini. Ayatollah is a high-ranking title Shia leaders in Iran.

Khomeini opposed the shah's efforts to make Iran more like western ​countries. He wanted Iran to follow Islamic law and traditions. The shah forced Khomeini to leave Iran, but the Ayatollah's attacks continued.

In 1978, a revolution broke out. Iranians took to the streets to protest the shah's rule. When the shah ordered troops to attack the protestors, this provoked even more protests. Eventually, the shah and his family fled, and his government collapsed. In February 1979, Khomeini returned and took power. ​

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