Nationalism in India Module 4

Nationalism in India Module 4

By A R

Civil Disobedience Movement

After the failure of 2nd Round Table Conference , upon his return to India, Gandhi saw JL Nehru, Ghaffar Khan in jail and Congress declared as illegal

​

He relaunched Civil Disobedience Movement ​

How participants saw the movement?

​* Rich Peasant communities - Patidars (Guj) & Jats (UP)

* Grew commercial crops

* hard hit by trade depression

* enthusiastic participants of Civil Disobedience Movement

* Disappointed when it was called off in 1931

* Now in 1932 - many refused to participate​

​Countryside :

PT & JT

Poor peasants:

• hit harder

• depression continued, income dwindled

• found it difficult to pay rents to landlords

​

Apprehensive of raising issues that may upset rich landlords, Congress unwilling to support NO RENT campaign.​

​

Relation between poor peasants & Congress remained uncertain​

​

Subject | Subject

Some text here about the topic of discussion

Multiple Choice

When Gandhi came back from ___ Round Table Conference Congress had been declared illegal.

• 1st

• 2nd

• 3rd

• 4th

Multiple Choice

Who were in jail ?

• Motilal Nehru and Ghaffar Khan

• Ghaffar Khan & J L Nehru

• J L Nehru and Subhash Chandra Bose

• Motilal Nehru & Bose

Multiple Choice

Two rich peasant communities growing cash crops

• Patidars (UP) and Jats (Punjab)

• Patidars (Bengal)

  Jats (Gujarat)

• Patidars(Gujarat)

  Jats (UP)

• Patidars (Nagpur)

  Jats(UP)

Multiple Choice

Many rich peasants ____ in Civil Disobedience Movt 2

• Readily participated

• Enthusiastically Participated

• Refused to participate

• Forcefully Participated

Multiple Choice

Congress supported NO Rent campaign for poor peasants.

• True

• False

​Business Class

• During WW I - Indian merchants & industrialists made huge profits

• Now, wanted to protect imports, rupee-sterling exchange ratio

• Formed Indian Industrial & Commercial Congress (1920) & Federation of Indian Chamber of Commerce & Industries (FICCI - 1927)

• Purushottamdas Thakurdas​ & GD Birla supported Civil Disobedience Movt when 1st launched

Subject | Subject

• They gave financial assistance

• Refused to buy / sell imported goods

• Swaraj = trade & industry would flourish without constraints

• After failure of Round Table Conference ​- Apprehensive

Subject | Subject

Some text here about the topic of discussion

Industrial Working Class

1. did not participate in Civil Disobedience Movement in large numbers Except in Nagpur region

2. As industrialists came closer to Congress, workers stayed aloof​

3. Selectively adopted Gandhian progs - boycott of foreign goods, movt against low wages & poor working conditions

4. Railway workers strike (1930), Dockworkers Strike (1932)

5. 1930 - Chotanagpur tin miners wore Gandhi caps & participated in protest rallies & boycott campaigns​

​Congress reluctant to support workers, didn't want to alienate industrialists

Women's Participation

• ​Large scale participation

• Dandi March - 1000s of women came to listen to Gandhi

• participated in protest marches, manufactured salt, picketed foreign cloth & liquor shops

• Many went to jail​

• Women from High caste families, rich peasant families all participated​

Congress on Women's Participation

• ​Gandhi's view: duty of women to look after home & hearth

• be good mothers ^ wives

• Congress reluctant to allow women to hold any position of authority within Congress

• Wanted only their symbolic presence.​

Multiple Choice

During WW I - Indian merchants & industrialists made huge losses

• True

• False

Multiple Choice

Swaraj for business community meant trade and business should

• be regulated by British

• controlled by Congress

• Regulated by FICCI

• flourish without constraints

Multiple Choice

____ wore Gandhi caps & participated in protest rallies & boycott campaigns​

• railway workers

• dockyard workers

• Chotanagpur tin miners

Multiple Choice

Women from high class families stayed away from the movement.

• True

• False

Multiple Choice

Which statement is correct about Congress's view on Women

• Wanted them to be active participants

• Gave them positions of powers

• Wanted only their symbolic presence

• Encouraged more women led movements

Limits of Civil Disobedience

Untouchables

• ​Began to call themselves DALIT or oppressed.

• For long Congress ignored dalits for fear of offending Sanatanis (high caste Hindus)

• Gandhi declared swaraj would not come for a 100 yrs if untouchability was not eliminated.

• Gandhi called them HARIJANS​ = children of God

​

Some text here about the topic of discussion

Gandhi organised satyagrahas to secure their entry into temples, public wells, roads & schools

He cleaned toilets to dignify work of Bhangi (sweeper)

Persuaded upper castes to give up the sin of untouchability

​

Dalit leaders - demanded reserved seats in educational institutions, separate electorate & political empowerment

​

Their participation was limited particularly in Maharashtra & Nagpur where they were strong. ​

​

Dr B R Ambedkar

• ​Organised Dalits into Depressed Classes Association in 1930

• Clashed with Gandhi at 2nd Round table Conference - demanding separate electorates for Dalits

• British agreed to Ambedkar's demands, Gandhi began a fast to death​

• Gandhi felt it would slow down integration of our society

• Ambedkar finally agreed to Gandhi's position & entered into POONA PACT Sep 1932.​

• Dalits got reserved seats in Provincial & Central Legislative Councils but they were to be voted in by general electorate. ​

Depressed Classes later known as Scheduled Castes

Congress & Muslim League

• Made efforts to renegotiate alliance

• 1927 , seemed like unity possible

• Muhammad Ali Jinnah, willing to give up demand for separate electorates if Muslims were assured reserved seats in Central Assembly& Representation in proportion to population in Muslim dominated areas (Bengal & Punjab)

• Though negotiations on representations continued but all hopes disappeared at resolving issues at ALL PARTIES CONFERENCE 1928 when M R Jayakar of Hindu Mahasabha strongly opposed efforts at compromise​

Muslim Concerns

• Atmosphere of suspicion & distrust between communities

• Large sections of Muslims did not respond to call for united struggle

• Muslim leaders expressed concerns about status of Muslims as a minority within India

• They feared that the culture & identity of minorities would be submerged under the domination of a Hindu majority​

Multiple Choice

Ambedkar finally agreed to Gandhi's position & entered into ____Sep 1932.​

• NAGPUR PACT

• POONA PACT

• BOMBAY PACT

• DELHI PACT

Multiple Choice

____ of Hindu Mahasabha strongly opposed efforts at compromise​

• M L Nehru

• M R Jayakar

• B R Ambedkar

• MK Gandhi