Nurs 2410 Pathophysiology Endocrine slide 1-28

Nurs 2410 Pathophysiology Endocrine slide 1-28

By Nikki Chenevert

​Organs Endocrine Glands

 Hypothalamus

 Pituitary gland

 Pineal gland

 Thyroid

 Parathyroid glands

 Thymus

 Adrenal glands

 Pancreas

 Ovaries

 Testes

 Kidneys

​In general, most endocrine pathology involves either the overproduction or the underproduction of a hormone.

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​Overproduction of a given hormone may be caused by hyperplasia of the organ that produces the hormone, by a neoplastic process, or by some combination of the two processes.

​Underproduction of a given hormone, in contrast, may be caused by either destruction of the gland that produces the hormone or by conditions that deprive an endocrine organ of its normal trophic influence.

​Excess hormone levels

 Tumor produces high levels

 Excretion by liver or kidney is impaired.

 Congenital condition produces excess hormone

​Deficit of hormone or reduced effects

 Tumor produces too little hormone.

 Inadequate tissue receptors present

 Antagonistic hormone production is increased.

 Malnutrition

 Atrophy, surgical removal of gland

 Congenital deficit

​A working knowledge of the pathways that regulate normal hormone levels helps to interpret the laboratory values in patients being worked up for suspected endocrine disorders.

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​For example, thyroid-releasing hormone (TRH) released by the hypothalamus stimulates thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) production by the pituitary gland, which in turn stimulates triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) production by the thyroid gland.

​Hypothlamus-TRH

​Pituitary-TSH

​Thyroid-T3 and T4

​A working knowledge of the pathways that regulate normal hormone levels helps to interpret the laboratory values in patients being worked up for suspected endocrine disorders.

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​T3 and T4 then cause feedback inhibition of pituitary release of TSH. If the patient has a TSH-secreting pituitary adenoma, T4 and T3 levels as well as the TSH will be high; normally, high T3 and T4 levels should cause a low TSH level.

​A working knowledge of the pathways that regulate normal hormone levels helps to interpret the laboratory values in patients being worked up for suspected endocrine disorders.

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​Also, remember primary diseases are diseases that originate within the gland in question (e.g., primary hyperthyroidism is due to a defect in the thyroid gland), and secondary diseases represent change in one organ as a result of disease in another organ (e.g., secondary hyperthyroidism may be due to a TSH-secreting pituitary adenoma).

Multiple Choice

Out of the 5 diagnostic tests that check for endocrine disorders, which one can test for glucose, ketones and catecholamines?

• urine tests

• stimulation or suppression tests

• scanning, US, MRI

• biopsy

• blood tests

​The hormones in homeostasis are chemical messengers. They target cells and have specific receptors. There is a target cell for each hormone. It consist of negative feedback systems. It also consist of chemical structures. There are two chemical structures: peptide and steroid. An example of a peptide chemical structure is insulin. An example of a steroid chemical structure is sex hormones. 

Multiple Select

Which endocrine glands are found in the brain?

• Pituitary

• Hypothalamus

• Thryroid

• Adrenal

• Pancreas

Multiple Choice

This gland is a link between the nervous and endocrine systems and releases antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin.

• Adrenal

• Hypothalamus

• Pituitary

• Thyroid

Multiple Select

The pituitary gland releases these hormones.

• Adrenaline

• Insulin

• Growth Hormone

• Thyroid Stimulating Hormone

Multiple Choice

Identify this gland.

• Adrenal

• Thyroid

• Pancreas

• Testes

Multiple Choice

The thyroid produces thyroid hormone called

• thyroxine.

• parathyroid hormone.

• insulin.

• thyroid stimulating hormone.

Multiple Choice

The thyroid controls

• respiration.

• growth.

• all metabolic processes.

• locomotion.

Multiple Choice

An example of a peptide chemical structure is

• insulin

• glucagon

• glycogen

• sex hormone

Multiple Choice

An example of a steroid chemical structure is

• insulin

• glucagon

• glycogen

• sex hormone

Multiple Choice

aldosterone, cortisol, norepi, and epi 

• Thyroid

• Adrenal glands

• Pancreas

• Parathyroid

• Hypothalamus

Multiple Choice

calcitonin, thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3)

• Thyroid

• Adrenal glands

• Pancreas

• Parathyroid

• Hypothalamus

Multiple Choice

parathyroid hormone

• Thyroid

• Adrenal glands

• Pancreas

• Parathyroid

• Hypothalamus

Multiple Choice

insulin, glucagon

• Thyroid

• Adrenal glands

• Pancreas

• Pituitary gland

• Hypothalamus

Multiple Choice

anterior: growth hormone, adrenocorticotropic, thyroid-stimulating, follicle stimulating, luteinizing hormone, prolactin. Posterior: antidiuretic and oxytocin

• Thyroid

• Adrenal glands

• Pancreas

• Pituitary gland

• Hypothalamus