DE US History --US in WW1

DE US History --US in WW1

By Daryl Hales/Midlands Technical Community College/DE US History

​Underlying causes of WW1

Militarism--Glorfying military service, stockpiling weapons

Alliances--Forming treaties of military friendship with other countries; if they get attacked YOU HAVE TO JUMP IN!!!

Imperialism--Competition over foreign colonies, resources

N​ationalism--Excessive pride in your country, encourages hatred of other nationalities, also oppressed people want their own countries

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--Border between Europe, Asia

--Also border between two empires: Austro-Hungarian Empire, Ottoman Empire​

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​Balkan Mountains

​WW1--Immediate Cause

--By the end of the 1800s--Both the Austro-Hungarian Empire and the Ottoman Empire ("The Sick Man of Europe") began to fall apart

--Some nations finally got their own country (Serbia, Romania)

--Others were still controlled by the Austrians or Ottomans but reaaaaaaaally wanted their own countries, OR...wanted to be part of some of the newly created countries​

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​Sarajevo--1914

--City in Bosnia--a region in the Balkans controlled by Austria-Hungary

--Very diverse city, many nationalities and languages

--Large Serbian population; wants Bosnia to be part of Serbia

--Pro-Serbian terrorist group Black Hand hopes to start a ​war that will lead to Serbia annexing Bosnia

--Their target: Archduke Franz Ferdinand--heir to Austrian empire​

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Multiple Choice

Which was NOT a MAIN cause of WW1

• Militarism

• Alliances and Nationalism

• Industrialism

• Imperialism

Multiple Choice

Many inhabitants of Bosnia were tired of being controlled by Austria-Hungary and wanted to join this country, because of strong ethnic ties

• Greece

• Romania

• Serbia

• Poland

--Archduke Ferdinand and wife Sophie visit Austrian troops stationed in Sarajevo

--Both assassinated by 19 year old Black Hand member Gavrilo Princip

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​June 28, 1914

​Reaction to Archduke Ferdinand's murder

--Austria demands Serbia apologize and allow Austrian military officials access to their country in order to arrest those responsible

--Serbia refuses; alliance systems bring other countries into the conflict NOW THE WHOLE CONTINENT (Almost) IS AT WAR!!!!!!!

Triple Entente (Allies)--England, France, Russia

Triple Alliance​ (Central Powers)--Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire US NEUTRAL!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!​

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Multiple Choice

Pro-Serbian terrorist organization responsible for the Archduke's murder

• Giovane Italia

• Carabinieri

• Burschenschaft

• Black Hand

Multiple Choice

19 year old member of the Black Hand, responsible for the murder of Archduke Ferdinand

• Gavrilo Princip

• Lech Walesa

• Slobodan Milosevic

• Josip Tito

Multiple Choice

Austro-Hungary, Germany, Ottoman Empire (later includes Italy)

• Axis

• Triple Entente (Allies)

• Triple Alliance (Central Powers)

• Warsaw Pact

Multiple Choice

England, France, Russia (later Russia drops out, US joins and Italy switches sides)

• Axis

• Triple Entente (Allies)

• Triple Alliance (Central Powers)

• Warsaw Pact

​US neutrality

--Wilson runs for re-election in 1916 with the slogan "He kept us out of war"

But...

Neutrality is difficult for the US. Why?

--Culture, language ties with England and sympathy for France

--​US trades more with these countries as well

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​Why did the US join WW1?

--Much of public sentiment in US was against Germany since it invaded neutral Belgium on its way to France, but...many Americans were of recent immigrant stock and many were from Germany and Italy from the Central Powers. RESULT--NEUTRALITY

--Germany was being blockaded by England; food and medicine couldn't come into the country​

--Germany's response was to sink ANY English ship it could, ​EVEN ships from other neutral countries like the US that traded with England (since these countries were giving money to England)

--Unrestricted submarine warfare by U-boats (German submarines)​

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--British ocean liner

--Sunk by German U-Boat

--Almost 1200 killed, including 128 Americans

--Turns US public opinion against Germany; towards war​

--Germany issues "Sussex Pledge" promises not to sink further civilian ships without warning​

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​Sinking of the Lusitania 1915

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​America's road to war

--By 1917 we've loaned the British and French the equivalent of billions of dollars. Will they be able to pay us back if they don't win?

--Germany breaks the Sussex Pledge; starts sinking civilian ships again without warning

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--Intercepted by British embassy

--Germany promises ​TX, AZ and NM to Mexico if they would join Germany

--US outraged!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!​

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​Zimmerman Note

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Multiple Choice

British ocean liner sunk in 1915--kills almost 1200, including 128 Americans

• USS Maine

• RMS Lusitania

• RMS Titanic

• RMS Andrea Doria

Multiple Choice

Intercepted telegram by Germany's Foreign Secretary to Mexico promising them TX, AZ, NM if they would help Germany and attack the US

• Bismarck Note

• Hindenburg Note

• Zimmerman Note

• Ribbentropp Note

Multiple Choice

Pledge taken by Germany to stop sinking neutral ships without warning--just a year later they had broken it

• Norfolk Pledge

• Essex Pledge

• Wessex Pledge

• Sussex Pledge

Multiple Choice

Which was NOT a reason encouraging the US to join WW1?

• Germany's violation of the Sussex Pledge

• Explosion of the USS Maine

• Stronger cultural, economic ties with the Allies

• Zimmerman Note

​The US in WW1

--Congress institutes conscription (draft): Socialist Presidential Candidate Eugene Debs encourages Americans to resist the draft, imprisoned

--​Americans supported the war effort by growing victory gardens, buying war bonds, and even donating their underwear!!!! (28,000 tons of metal--enough to build two battleships)

--Rationing: Limited what goods people could buy (gasoline, foods)​

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​US in WW1--Part 2

--18th Amendment passes, creating Prohibition: Beer seen as wasteful when it could be made into bread for soldiers; unpatriotic

--Violence against German-Americans: hamburgers="liberty steak" frankfurters now "hot dogs"

--4 million US soldiers serve in the war; 10 percent were Black who served in segregated units (most famous: Harlem Hellfighters)​

--50 million die from flu that spreads from US army base in KS. "Spanish flu" term isn't accurate, since it really began in the US​

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​Running the war effort

--US government creates the War Industries Board: directs production for the military

--National War Labor board: 8 hour work day for wartime workers, overtime pay. Unions promise not to strike

--US ​Food Production--Herbert Hoover promotes Victory Gardens, volunteerism

--George Creel​, "Committee on Public Information" propaganda--made films, books, magazines, posters in support of American war effort

--​Sedition Act of 1918: Made it a crime to ​criticize the US joining the war, upheld by Schenck vs US case in the Supreme Court

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​Social Effects of WW1

--Great Migration: Many African Americans take trains north and west to cities like NY, Boston, Phila, Baltimore, Chicago, Detroit, St. Louis to help with war effort and escape the poverty, racism of the South

--​Mexican Americans also moved from farms to SW cities to work in factories

--New opportunities for women working in factories as well

--Fear of communism, African American equality--Red Summer 1919​

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Multiple Choice

Head of the US food production board, he encouraged volunteerism and the growth of victory gardens. In 1928, he is elected the 31st president of the US

• Herbert Hoover

• Franklin Delano Roosevelt

• Harry Truman

• Dwight Eisenhower

Multiple Choice

Head of the Comittee on Public Information--produced pro war propaganda for US audiences

• George Raft

• Rudolph Valentino

• Douglas Fairbanks

• George Creel

Multiple Choice

US Socialist politician imprisoned for violating the Sedition Act when he encouraged Americans to avoid the draft

• William Jennings Bryan

• James B Weaver

• Eugene Debs

• William McKInley

​Woodrow Wilson, 14 points

--War ends in November 1918, now US most powerful country in world

Urged France, England not to be too hard on Germany. He's afraid it would start another war. BUT DO THEY LISTEN? Spoiler Alert--No

--Treaty of Versailles makes Germany take total responsibility for war and pay massive reparations to France; helps lead to WW2!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

--Wilson issues 14 Points--Detailed plan to prevent future wars by spreading democracy "Make the world safe for democracy"​

--Wilson urges the formation of a League of Nations where countries can talk out their problems--US Senate refuses to join because of isolationist feelings after the war​

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​US foreign policy summary

Teddy Roosevelt--"Big Stick" diplomacy: The Roosevelt Corollary gives US the "right" to intervene in Latin America to promote order, US interest. How does TR enforce this--threat of US military

William Howard Taft--Dollar Diplomacy. Leans more on US economic power to accomplish goals

Woodrow Wilson--Moral Diplomacy​. Support democracy as a way of protecting US interests (Makes "exceptions"--invades DR and Mexico)

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​Red Summer 1919

Causes--Unemployment among returning soldiers, racial tensions as whites wanted to put African American soldiers in "their place,"​ fear of communist revolution coming to the US

Dozens of riots, hundreds of deaths

Worst riots--​Washington, DC, Omaha, NE, Norfolk, VA, Chicago, IL, Elaine, AR In SC--Charleston, Newberry

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Multiple Choice

Term for the large number of African Americans fleeing the racism of the South to live in cities in the Northeast/Midwest; work in factories helping the war effort

• Great Migration

• Great Trek

• Exodusters

• Baby Boom

Multiple Choice

President Wilson's multipart plan to promote democracy to prevent future world-wide wars

• Treaty of Versailles

• Kellogg-Briand Pact

• Atlantic Charter

• Fourteen Points

Multiple Choice

As part of Wilson's plan to prevent future wars, he encouraged the creation of this organization where countries could talk out their problems. Senator Henry Cabot Lodge led opposition to this organization in Congress, and the US never joined.

• United Nations

• League of Nations

• NATO

• Warsaw Pact

Multiple Choice

Henry Cabot Lodge's ideas are a good example of ____________, the belief that America should not be involved in the problems of other countries

• Anarchism

• Socialism

• Isolationism

• Imperialism

Multiple Choice

REVIEW: Identify the US President: WW1, Fourteen Points, Moral Diplomacy

• Theodore Roosevelt

• William Howard Taft

• Woodrow Wilson

• Warren Harding

Multiple Choice

REVIEW: Identify the US President: Later became Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, created the Department of Labor, "Dollar Diplomacy"

• Theodore Roosevelt

• William Howard Taft

• Woodrow Wilson

• Warren Harding

Multiple Choice

Review: Identify the US President--Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine, Panama Canal, "Big Stick Diplomacy"

• Theodore Roosevelt

• William Howard Taft

• Woodrow Wilson

• Warren Harding

Multiple Choice

Term used to describe the period after WW1 where fear of communism and the growing demand for civil rights led to riots in American cities

• Long hot summer

• American Summer

• Red Summer

• Freedom Summer