IT Support Ch 8-16

IT Support Ch 9-16

By Rafael Olivares

​Mass Storage Technologies - Ch 9

​Partitioning is splitting a storage drive into sections. Each partition is then given a drive letter, such as C: or D:

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MBR(Master Boot Record) is the older partition style, which supports up to 2tb hard disks. You can make up to 4 partitions. GPT(GUID Partition Table) replaces MBR and supports hard drives larger than 2TB​.

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Dynamic disks combine more than 1 partition across multiple hard drives.​

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There are five major partition types: FAT32, NTFS, exFAT, HFS+ and EXT​4

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​FAT32 is for removable drives up to 2TB, NTFS is the typical partition style of Windows, exFAT is for removable drives larger than 2TB, HFS+ is for macOS and EXT4 is for Linux. On FAT32, you cannot save a file that is larger than 4GB onto the drive.

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Compression lowers the size of a file to save space.​

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Multiple Select

Sally plugs in her external hard drive. The hard drive's size is 3TB. Which hard drive partition type should she format it to?(Select two)

• NTFS

• exFAT

• FAT32

• HFS+

​Mass Storage Technologies - Ch 9

​RAID- Redundant Array of Independent Disks

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RAID is a data redundancy method that combines multiple drives to either improve speed or protect against data loss.

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RAID 0 combines two hard drives . One half of your data is stored on one drive, and one half on the other. This offloads data evenly, allowing the drives to perform faster. But if either drive dies, you lose your data because you dont have your other half.

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​RAID 1(also called disk mirroring) copies your data and stores it all across 2 or more hard drives. You need at 2 drives for RAID 1 to work.

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RAID 5​(also called disk parity) does the same as RAID 1, but uses at least 3 hard drives and includes correction code for more fault tolerance.

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RAID 10(disk striping and mirroring) is really just 2 teams of RAID 1 arrays, that can tolerate when one of the two teams fail, so you have a chance to replace the dead hard disks.​

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Draw

Draw a diagram of a RAID 10 array. You can refer to online diagrams to assist you. Keep in mind the amount of drives RAID 10 minimally supports.

Ch 10 - Peripherals​

USB drives and ports must match in terms of specs. If a USB port on your laptop is 3.0(Blue Color), then the drive you plug into it must also be 3.0. If it isn't, the speed will match the slowest device.

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FireWire(IEEE 1394) is a legacy port commonly used on mac computers.

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Thunderbolt appears identical to USB-C, but is much faster. Thunderbolt 1 can run at 10Gbps, 2 at 20Gbps, and 3 at 40Gbps​.

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Common peripherals include keyboards, joysticks, and touch screens(digitizers).​

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a KVM(Keyboard, Video, Mouse) switch allows computers to be controlled by a single mouse, keyboard, and monitor.

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Optical drives, like Hard Drives, use SATA connectors.​

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Optical drives can support CDs, DVDs, or Blu-ray.

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CDs can support up to 700mbs of data. DVDs can support up to 3.7gb of data, and blu-ray can support up to 25GB of data. If any of these optical disk types are dual-layered, the capacity doubles.​

​Firewire Port

Ch 11 - Building a PC

Thin clients are only used for basic applications. They tend to lack hard drives, but instead use a network connection(PXE) to connect to a server that hands them an OS and hard disk space.​ Thin clients help save money.

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Thick clients are regular desktop PCs that feature all required computer parts.

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We are all virtualization workstations; we run a second virtual OS inside of our main OS.​

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​Each computer is built according to the users needs. More expensive does not necessarily mean better. You dont give a sports car to a grandma.

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the EULA(End User License Agreement) must be accepted in order to use many programs. It details what you agree for the program to do.

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Open Ended

What would you like to know about Building a PC, if you had the chance to build one now?

Ch 12 - Windows under the Hood

The Registry is a massive databased that stores everything about your PC. This includes hardware and network info, user info and file types you have.

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You can launch the registry with the regedit or regedt32 command in command prompt.​

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Windows has a boot manager called bootmgr. when Windows finds its OS, it loads winload.exe. This exe file loads the registry, drivers, and devices. Then, ntoskrnl.exe loads the OS processes that result in Windows loading on your screen.​

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Ch 13 - Users, Groups and Permissions

​Authentication - Granting access to a user

Authorization - What a user can or cant do once logged in.

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The NTFS partition, unlike FAT32 and exFAT, utilizes user permissions to help protect files.

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A group is a container that hold permissions. Administrators, Power Users, Standard User and Guests are 4 types of groups.​

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Take Ownership - takes the ownership of another file or folder​.

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Change permission - Can give or take away permissions from other accounts

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Folder/File permissions determine what you can do with an individual file. These file permissions are called Read, Write, Execute, Modify, List Folder Contents and Full Control. For Linux, it is shortened into rwx, and Owner, Group, and Everyone are the 3 groups.

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Ch 13 - Users, Groups and Permissions

Inheritance - Permissions of parent folders get passed to child folders(the folders within the folder).

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Propagation- Causes permissions to stay the same or change depending on if the file has been moved or copied.

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In Linux, the chown command changes ownership of a file or folder.

the chmod command changes permissions of a file or folder. It uses a numbering system, in which r =4, w =2, and x =1. ​For example, if the everyone group has full permissions for a file, it will appear as a 7 in linux terminal.

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Multiple Choice

A technician is using the chmod command to change permissions from each group. The Owner must have rwx permissions, the Group must also have rwx permissions, and the Everyone group must only have Read permissions. What numbered permissions will the file have after the technician makes the changes?

• 774

• 775

• 007

• 247

Ch 14 - Maintaining and Optimizing Operating Systems

Ch 15 - Working with CLI

​The CLI(Command-Line Interface) ​is a terminal that allows you to input commands with just a keyboard and display. In Windows, the CLI is called command prompt. In Linux, it is called Command Prompt.

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Once you get the hang of it, you can configure the PC much faster than you can on command prompt. Whats more, is that CLI is far less demanding on resources compared to the GUI(Graphical user Interface).

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While windows assigns drive letters, Linux and macOS dont. the root drive instead shown as a / instead of C:, and drives are called sda, sdb, etc.​

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The root directory is the top-most folder of your drive.

The subfolder is the folder inside a folder.​

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​Command Prompt

Terminal