Unit 6 - IT Society

Unit 6 - IT Society

By Nhật Lệ Nguyễn

The new way to be a fifth-grader

I peer over his shoulder at his laptop screen to see the math problem the fifth-grader is pondering. It's a trigonometry problem. Carpenter, a serious-faced ten-year-old, pauses for a second, fidgets, then clicks on ”0 degrees." The computer tells him that he's correct. "It took a while for me to work it out," he admits sheepishly. The software then generates another problem, followed by another, until eventually he's done ten in a row.

Last November, his teacher, Kami Thordarson, began using Khan Academy in her class. It is an educational website on which students can watch some 2,400 videos. The videos are anything but sophisticated. At seven to 14 minutes long, they consist of a voiceover by the site's founder, Salman Khan, chattily describing a mathematical concept or explaining how to solve a problem, while his hand-scribbled formulas and diagrams appear on-screen. As a student, you can review a video as many times as you want, scrolling back several times over puzzling parts and fast-forwarding through the boring bits you already know. Once you've mastered a video, you can move on to the next one.

Initially, Thordarson thought Khan Academy would merely be a helpful supplement to her normal instruction. But it quickly became far more than that. She is now on her way to "flipping" the way her class works. This involves replacing some of her lectures with Khan's videos, which students can watch at home. Then in class, they focus on working on the problem areas together. The idea is to invert the normal rhythms of school, so that lectures are viewed in the children's own time and homework is done at school. It sounds weird, Thordarson admits, but this reversal makes sense when you think about it. It is when they are doing homework that students are really grappling with a subject and are most likely to want someone to talk to. And Khan Academy provides teachers with a dashboard application that lets them see the instant a student gets stuck

For years, teachers like Thordarson have complained about the frustrations of teaching to the "middle" of the class. They stand at the whiteboard trying to get 25 or more students to learn at the same pace. Advanced students get bored and tune out, lagging ones get lost and tune out, and pretty soon half the class is not paying attention. Since the rise of personal computers in the 1980s, educators have hoped that technology could save the day by offering lessons tailored to each child. Schools have spent millions of dollars on sophisticated classroom technology, but the effort has been in vain. The one-to-one instruction it requires is, after all, prohibitively expensive. What country can afford such a luxury?​

Khan never intended to overhaul the school curricula and he doesn't have a consistent, comprehensive plan for doing so. Nevertheless, some of his fans believe that he has stumbled onto the solution to education's middle-of-the-class mediocrity. Most notable among them is Bill Gates, whose foundation has invested $1.5 million in Khan's site. Students have pointed out that Khan is particularly good at explaining all the hidden, small steps in math problems—steps that teachers often gloss over. He has an uncanny ability to inhabit the mind of someone who doesn't already understand something.

​However, not all educators are enamoured with Khan and his site. Gary Stager, a long-time educational consultant and advocate of laptops in classrooms, thinks Khan Academy is not innovative at all. The videos and software modules, he contends, are just a high-tech version of the outdated teaching techniques—lecturing and drilling. Schools have become "joyless test-prep factories," he says, and Khan Academy caters to this dismal trend.

​As Sylvia Martinez, president of an organization focusing on technology in the classroom, puts it, "The things they're doing are really just rote." Flipping the classroom isn't an entirely new idea, Martinez says, and she doubts that it would work for the majority of pupils: "I'm sorry, but if they can't understand the lecture in a classroom, they're not going to grasp it better when it's done through a video at home".

​Another limitation of Khan's site is that the drilling software can only handle questions where the answers are unambiguously right or wrong, like math or chemistry; Khan has relatively few videos on messier, grey-area subjects like history. Khan and Gates admit there is no easy way to automate the teaching of writing—even though it is just as critical as math.

​Even if Khan is truly liberating students to advance at their own pace, it is not clear that schools will be able to cope. The very concept of grade levels implies groups of students moving along together at an even pace. So what happens when, using Khan Academy, you wind up with a ten-year-old who has already mastered high-school physics? Khan's programmer, Ben Kamens, has heard from teachers who have seen Khan Academy presentations and loved the idea but wondered whether they could modify it "to stop students from becoming this advanced."

​Khan's success has injected him into the heated wars over school reform. Reformers today, by and large, believe student success should be carefully tested, with teachers and principals receiving better pay if their students advance more quickly. In essence, Khan doesn't want to change the way institutions teach; he wants to change how people learn, whether they're in a private school or a public school—or for that matter, whether they're a student or an adult trying to self-educate in Ohio, Brazil, Russia, or India. One member of Khan's staff is spearheading a drive to translate the videos into ten major languages. It's classic start-up logic: do something novel, do it with speed, and the people who love it will find you.

The new way to be a fifth-grader

Multiple Choice

peer over (v.) (C2)

• to look carefully or with difficulty

• to think carefully, especially for a noticeable length of time

Multiple Choice

ponder (v.) (C2) [formal]

• to look carefully or with difficulty

• to think carefully, especially for a noticeable length of time

Multiple Select

ponder (v.) (C2) [formal]

• peer over

• muse

• contemplate

Multiple Choice

... (v.) bồn chồn, lo lắng

• peer over

• fidget

• ponder

• invert

Multiple Choice

... (n.) lời lồng tiếng, lời thuyết minh

• voiceover

• fidget

• ponder

• invert

Multiple Choice

... (v. /n.) viết nguệch ngoạc, viết cẩu thả

• voiceover

• scribble

• ponder

• invert

Multiple Choice

... (v.) tua nhanh, tua cho qua

• voiceover

• scribble

• fast-forward

• invert

Multiple Choice

... (v.) [formal] đảo ngược, nghịch chuyển

• convert

• scribble

• fast-forward

• invert

Multiple Choice

... in/of sth (n.) (C2) sự đảo ngược

• voiceover

• reversal

• fast-forward

• invert

Multiple Choice

... sth (ph.v.) try to deal with a difficult problem/ subject

• grapple with

• reversal of

• fast-forward

• invert

Multiple Choice

... sth (v.) (C2) try to deal with a difficult problem/

• grapple with

• reversal of

• fast-forward

• invert

Multiple Choice

... sth/so (v.) [informal] stop paying attention to

• grapple with

• reversal of

• tune out

• tune in

Multiple Choice

... (v.) move/ react slowly

• grapple with

• lag

• tune out

• tune in

Multiple Choice

... (adv.) (C1) unsuccessfully

• in vain

• lag

• tune out

• tune in

Multiple Choice

... (adj.) (C2) too interested in appearance or achievements

• in vain

• lag

• tune out

• vain about

Multiple Choice

... (v.) to completely change a system so that it works more effectively

• voiceover

• overhaul

• ponder

• invert

Multiple Select

... (v.) vấp phải

• stumble onto

• overhaul

• stumble on

• invert

Multiple Choice

... (n.) (C2) the quality of being not very good

• stumble onto

• overhaul

• stumble on

• mediocrity

Multiple Choice

... (v.) [US informal] cause so to like/love sth

• stumble onto

• enamour

• stumble on

• mediocrity

Multiple Choice

... sth/ so (ph.v.) satisfy a need

• stumble onto

• enamour

• stumble on

• cater to

Multiple Choice

... (adj.) sad and without hope

• stumble onto

• enamour

• dismal

• cater to

Multiple Select

... (v.) học vẹt

• learn sth by rote

• enamour

• dismal

• rote learning

Multiple Choice

... (n.) a situation that is not clear

• learn sth by rote

• grey area

• dismal

• rote learning

Multiple Choice

... (ph.v.) be in an unexpected unpleasant situation

• wind up

• grey area

• dismal

• rote learning

Multiple Choice

... (adv.) nhìn chung, rút cục

• in vain

• by and large

• dismal

• rote learning

Multiple Choice

... (adv.) (C2) [formal] điều cốt lõi, cốt yếu

• in vain

• by and large

• dismal

• in essence

Multiple Choice

... to do sth (n.) (C1) energy and determination to achieve sth

• drive

• by and large

• dismal

• spearhead