Week2-ELT 6

Key Terms and Concepts in Managing and Implementing Standards-Based Grammar Teaching

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ELT 6 -​Teaching and Assessment of Grammar

Week 2 - March 18, 2022​

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By Eriberta Alcaide

​Lesson Outline

1. Learning Objectives

2. Activity 1: Defining the term Grammar

3. Lesson Proper

4. Exit Ticket

March 18, 2022​

ELT 6 - TEACHING AND ASSESSMENT OF GRAMMAR

​Learning Objectives

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1.     Discuss the fundamental terms and concepts associated to the teaching and assessing of grammar; and

2.     Share the implications of one’s knowledge of key concepts in the teaching-learning process

March 18, 2022​

ELT 6 - TEACHING AND ASSESSMENT OF GRAMMAR

Open Ended

Complete the following statement:

GRAMMAR is / means ____________________

​Definition of Grammar

-the whole system and structure of a language or of languages in general, usually taken as consisting of syntax and morphology (including inflections) and sometimes also phonology and

semantics

March 18, 2022

ELT 6 - TEACHING AND ASSESSMENT OF GRAMMAR

Definition of Grammar

--is the study of words, how they are used in sentences, and how they change in different situations?

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-The study of sentence structure.

March 18, 2022

ELT 6 - TEACHING AND ASSESSMENT OF GRAMMAR

Key Terms and Concepts in Managing and Implementing Standards-based Grammar Teaching

1. Grammaring

2. Grammaticalizing

3. Error correction vs feedback

4. Spoken vs written grammar

5. Grammatical assessment

6. Pedagogical Issues

March 18, 2022

ELT 6 - TEACHING AND ASSESSMENT OF GRAMMAR

GRAMMARING​

• ​ Larsen-Freeman: “the ability to use grammar structures accurately, meaningfully, and appropriately”

• ​ Richards and Schmidt (2002): (GRAMMARING IS SOMETIMES USED TO REFER TO THE PROCESS BY WHICH LANGUAGE LEARNERS USE GRAMMAR TO CREATE MESSAGES THROUGH GRAMMATICALIZING OR ADDING GRAMMAR TO A SEQUENCE OF WORDS TO CREATE FINER MEANING DISTINCTIONS. THE LINGUIST DIANE LARSEN-FREEMAN PROPOSED GRAMMARING AS AN IMPORTANT PROCESS IN SECOND LANGUAGE ACQUISITION. GRAMMARING EMPHASIZES GRAMMAR AS A DYNAMIC PROCESS RATHER THAN A SYSTEM OF RULES (P. 552).

March 18, 2022

ELT 6 - TEACHING AND ASSESSMENT OF GRAMMAR

Practical Activities for “Grammaring”

​ A – Focus on form: language games, sentence completion, and sentence unscrambling tasks

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​  B – Focus on meaning: associating form and meaning,

the relationship between word and referent

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​ C – Focus on use: right form with the right meaning to be used for the right context

March 18, 2022

ELT 6 - TEACHING AND ASSESSMENT OF GRAMMAR

Grammaticalizing / Grammaticalization

March 18, 2022

ELT 6 - TEACHING AND ASSESSMENT OF GRAMMAR

Grammaticalizing / Grammaticalization

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• Is the process by which grammar is created (Croft 2006:366), or the study of this process

• ​a process of language change by which words representing objects and actions (i.e. nouns and verbs) transform to become grammatical markers (affixes, prepositions, etc.).

• ​a powerful aspect of language

• sample concepts: tense, negation, or number

March 18, 2022

ELT 6 - TEACHING AND ASSESSMENT OF GRAMMAR

Grammaticalizing / Grammaticalization

• the change whereby lexical items and constructions come in certain linguistic contexts to serve grammatical functions, and, once grammaticalized, continue to develop new grammatical functions"

• ​example: let us eat ------------- let' eat

• ​The actual term "grammaticalization" was first coined by the French linguist Antoine Meillet in his work L'évolution des Formes Grammaticales (1912)

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March 18, 2022

ELT 6 - TEACHING AND ASSESSMENT OF GRAMMAR

Error Correction vs Feedback

March 18, 2022

ELT 6 - TEACHING AND ASSESSMENT OF GRAMMAR

Error Correction vs Feedback

March 18, 2022

ELT 6 - TEACHING AND ASSESSMENT OF GRAMMAR

​The main aspects of the approach and some examples:

1. Define what a “mistake” is. A mistake is a misuse of the rule/s that has ALREADY BEEN STUDIED AND EXERCISED. A mistake is NOT a wrong use of rule/s or vocabulary that have not yet been studied in class.

2. Make sure the assignment contains only the material that has been thoroughly studied andexercised in class.

3. Change the assignments’ instructions to include self-check as its integral part.

Example: "Please compose 10 sentences describing your day. Check your composition using the provided checklist".​

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Error Correction vs Feedback

March 18, 2022

ELT 6 - TEACHING AND ASSESSMENT OF GRAMMAR

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​4. Provide a checklist of the typical mistakes. (Especially important for beginners).

Example:

 Grammar

 Capital letters

 Punctuation

 The use of time expressions (usually, sometimes, often)

 Spelling

Error Correction vs Feedback

March 18, 2022

ELT 6 - TEACHING AND ASSESSMENT OF GRAMMAR

​5. Provide any visual materials that can improve mistakes correction, such as charts, tables, pictures, lists

6. Encourage using colorful markers and special editing signs.

7. Refuse to grade papers that have not been self-checked.

8. Structure reference materials, such as grammar rules, vocabulary, etc. in a way that students can easily access the necessary “help” page. I suggest that each student has a folder separated into sections, such as “Grammar”, “Reading”, “Writing”, etc. We file each page into a

corresponding section and create a table of contents of each section

Error Correction vs Feedback

March 18, 2022

ELT 6 - TEACHING AND ASSESSMENT OF GRAMMAR

​9. Do not highlight mistakes in the material the student has not yet studied as mistakes, but rather as suggestions.

Example: I can not to read. – Mistake. No “to” after “can”. His name was Kristofer. – “Christopher”. Students often are unaware of the right spelling of foreign names.

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10. Always discuss corrections. Encourage reasoning rather than saying which answer is “right” or “wrong”.

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Error Correction vs Feedback

March 18, 2022

ELT 6 - TEACHING AND ASSESSMENT OF GRAMMAR

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10. Always discuss corrections. Encourage reasoning rather than saying which answer is “right” or “wrong”.

Example:

Student: “She is read the book” is wrong. Me: Are you sure? Student: No. Me: Let’s try to check the sentence structure. Let’s use the scheme we have…

Student: “She is read the book” is wrong. Me: Are you sure? Student: Yes. Me: Please explain.

Student: It’s because we must use –ing ending if the verb is in the Present Continuous.

Error Correction vs Feedback

March 18, 2022

ELT 6 - TEACHING AND ASSESSMENT OF GRAMMAR

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11. In your final error check highlight mistakes, provide suggestions and create a list of repeating mistakes. Give the students more exercises to practice specific points that they have probably misunderstood. If grading is necessary, suggest some extra points for completing the correction

assignment.​

Spoken versus Written Grammar

March 18, 2022

ELT 6 - TEACHING AND ASSESSMENT OF GRAMMAR

​Leech (2000) contends that in English, at least, spoken and written forms utilize the same grammatical repertoires, but do so with different frequencies. Reinforcing this point for French, Waugh (1991) studied the distribution of the passé simple form and found that it was much more common in writing,

presumably because it shows detachment.

Spoken versus Written Grammar

March 18, 2022

ELT 6 - TEACHING AND ASSESSMENT OF GRAMMAR

Spoken versus Written Grammar

March 18, 2022

ELT 6 - TEACHING AND ASSESSMENT OF GRAMMAR

Open Ended

Give 3 things you learned from the lesson today.