Chromosomes, Biological Technology, and Mutation

Chromosomes

Stacy King​

Alleles

An allele is a form of a gene that is inherited from mother and father. They can be homozygous or heterozygous.

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​Un alelo es una forma de un gen que se hereda de la madre y el padre. Pueden ser homocigotos o heterocigotos.

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Multiple Choice

Which of the following is heterozygous

• FF
• tt
• Gg
• RR

Multiple Choice

Which of the following is homozygous recessive?

• rr
• AA
• TT
• Ff

Multiple Choice

The physical appearance of a trait is known as the-

• genotype
• phenotype
• characteristics
• intelligence

Chromosomes

• Consist of tightly twisted DNA

• Humans have 46 chromosomes( half from mom and half from dad) 23+23=46

• ​Consisten en ADN fuertemente retorcido

• Los humanos tienen 46 cromosomas (la mitad de mamá y la otra mitad de papá) 23+23=46

Multiple Choice

A cell structure that contains genetic information along strands of DNA.

• Allele

• Chromosome

• DNA

Multiple Choice

Segment of DNA in a chromosome that contains information used to produce a protein or an RNA molecule.

• Gene

• Allele

• Chromosome

Multiple Choice

The total amount DNA in a cell is called the ?

• DNA Fingerprint

• Introns

• Genome

• Restriction Enzyme

Multiple Choice

What do we call the science of using the genetic makeup living things to create products?

• Biotechnology

• Genealogy

• Pharmacology

• Neurology

Biological Technology

a laboratory technique used to establish a link between biological evidence DNA and a suspects DNA in a criminal investigation​.

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una técnica de laboratorio utilizada para establecer un vínculo entre la evidencia biológica DNA y un sospechoso en una investigación criminal DNA.

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​DNA Fingerprinting

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Multiple Choice

Collection of DNA fragments that can be used to identify genetically unique individuals

• Amplify

• DNA Ladder

• DNA Fingerprint

• DNA Analysis

Multiple Choice

Pattern of DNA fragments obtained by examining a person's unique sequence of DNA pairs.

• DNA Fingerprint

• Allele

• Chromosome

Multiple Choice

DNA fingerprinting works because

• Most genes are dominant
• All organisms contain RNA
• The most important genes are different among most people
• No two people, except identical twins, have exactly the same DNA 

Multiple Choice

DNA is recovered from a suspected dead soldier.  Which Parents are the likely parents of the soldier?

• Parents C and D
• Parents E and F
• Parents A and B
• Parents G and H

a laboratory technique used to separate DNA, RNA, or protein molecules based on their size and electrical charge​

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​una técnica de laboratorio utilizada para separar moléculas de ADN, ARN o proteínas en función de su tamaño y carga eléctrica

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Electrophoresis

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Multiple Choice

A method of separating molecules, such as DNA, according to their size and electrical charge.

• Electrophoresis

• DNA Fingerprint

• DNA Probe

Multiple Choice

Based on these results whose blood was found in the blood stain at the crime scene?

• Bob
• Sue
• John
• Lisa

Multiple Choice

Which two bear species are most closely related?

• Bear 1 and Bear 2
• Bear 1 and Bear 3
• Bear 2 and Bear 3
• There’s no way to tell

​Genetic Engineering

is a method that, among other things, enables scientists to copy a gene with a desired trait in one organism and put it into another

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​Ingeniería Genética

es un método que, entre otras cosas, permite a los científicos copiar un gen con un rasgo deseado en un organismo y ponerlo en otro​

​Genetic Modification

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Multiple Choice

Which type of organism would be most suited for genetic modification?

• Bacterium

• Yeast

• Strawberry Plant

• None of the above

• Any, depending on desired outcome

Multiple Choice

What was an aim of genetic modification of organisms?

• To provide stem cells from embryos for medical use

• To make crop plants resistant to herbicides

• To provide sperm cells for in vitro fertilization (IVF)

• To produce genetically identical sheep

Genome Editing

A new method that gives scientists more precise and targeted ways to develop new crop varieties. Faster and more efficient.

​Edición del genoma​

Un nuevo método que brinda a los científicos formas más precisas y específicas de desarrollar nuevas variedades de cultivos. Las herramientas de edición del genoma pueden hacer que sea más fácil y rápido realizar cambios que antes se hacían a través del mejoramiento tradicional.​

​Genetic Modification

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Multiple Choice

What does the universal nature of the genetic code allow?

• Change of genetic code in the same species

• Transfer of genes between species

• Formation of clones

• Infection by bacteria

Multiple Choice

Which of the following best describes a gene?

• A section of DNA

• A bundle of DNA

• Every cell in your body has 23 pairs of genes

• All of the genetic material in your cells

Karyotyping

a test to look at the chromosomes in a sample of cells

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Cariotipo

una prueba para observar los cromosomas en una muestra de células​

Chromosomal Analysis

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Multiple Choice

a photograph or picture of chromosomes grouped in ordered pairs is a ______________

• pedigree

• Punnett Square

• Venn Diagram

• Karyotype

Multiple Choice

A normal human zygote should have _____ chromosomes inside.

• 46

• 23

• 92

• 64

Multiple Choice

Which structure is labeled as A in the diagram?

• Centromere
• Chromosome
• Sister chromatids

​Amniocentesis

​samples of a baby’s cells by taking a small amount of amniotic fluid

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Amniocentesis

muestras de las células de un bebé tomando una pequeña cantidad de líquido amniótico

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Chromosomal Analysis

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Multiple Choice

A test that a doctor does to an unborn baby to determine if the baby will have some genetic disorders is called _____.

• Amniocentesis

• Karyotype

• Carrier

• Ultrasound

Multiple Choice

test used by taking amniotic fluid from the mother (to check for abnormalities)

• ultrasound

• amniocentesis

• premature

Bone marrow aspiration and biopsy​

​Cancer or blood disorders requiring chromosome testing, doctors take a sample of marrow from the hip bone.

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Aspiración y biopsia de médula ósea

​Cáncer o trastornos de la sangre que requieren pruebas cromosómicas, los médicos toman una muestra de médula del hueso de la cadera.

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Chromosomal Analysis

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Multiple Choice

Bone marrow aspiration is done :

• to find out if the bone have enough calcium

• to relieve bone marrow pressure

• to find out blood disorders

Multiple Choice

Choose the most appropriate answer regarding bone marrow biopsy and aspiration.

• A marrow aspiration is generally performed before biopsy

• Sternum is an access site for both bone marrow biopsy and aspiration

• The main purpose of aspiration is to collect bone marrow fluid and biopsy is to collect actual solid piece from bone

Mutations (Natures genetic manipulation)

Mutations

• A mutation is a permanent change in the sequence of DNA

   Changes in genetic material can result in the production of different proteins.

• This change can alter an organism’s traits.

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• Una mutación es un cambio permanente en la secuencia del ADN.

• Los cambios en el material genético pueden resultar en la producción de diferentes proteínas.

• Este cambio puede alterar los rasgos de un organismo.

Multiple Choice

True or false, mutations create genetic diversity?

• True

• False

Multiple Choice

A change in a gene, group of genes or chromosome that results in a change in the proteins

• Replication

• Mutations

• Translation

• Transcription

Mutations

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• Mutations can occur randomly or can be triggered by environmental factors including exposure to x-rays, ultraviolet light, radioactive materials, and some types of chemicals. 

• Las mutaciones pueden ocurrir al azar o pueden desencadenarse por factores ambientales, incluida la exposición a rayos X, luz ultravioleta, materiales radiactivos y algunos tipos de productos químicos.

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Multiple Choice

What causes mutations?

• Mistakes in replication or environmental substances
• The amino acids
• Passed down by genetics
• It's how your born

Multiple Choice

Where do mutations occur?

• DNA and RNA
• DNA 
• RNA
• mRNA and tRNA

Multiple Choice

What causes mutations?

• Mistakes in replication or environmental substances
• The amino acids
• Passed down by genetics
• It's how your born