Cognitive Psychology Chapter 2 Reviewer

Cognitive Psychology Chapter 2 Reviewer 

By Macon D

Brains - a central processing unit for

everything we do. 

             - the organ in our bodies that most

directly controls our thoughts,

emotions, and motivations 

Cognitive neuroscience is the field of study linking the brain and other aspects of the nervous system to cognitive processing and, ultimately, to behavior. 

 

Localization of function refers to the specific areas of the brain that control specific skills or behaviors. 

Chapter 2

Nervous system is the basis for our ability to perceive, adapt to, and interact with the world around us. 

It is the system we receive, process, and then respond to information from the environment 

 

Cerebral cortex, which controls many of our thought processes. 

Cognition in the Brain: The Anatomy and Mechanisms of the Brain 

Some text Chapter 2 about the topic of discussion

Development of Human Brain

Initially, the forebrain is generally the farthest forward, toward what becomes the face. The midbrain is next in line. And the hindbrain is generally farthest from the forebrain, near the back of the neck. In development, the relative orientations change so that the forebrain is almost a cap on top of the midbrain and hindbrain. Nonetheless, the terms are still used to designate the fully developed brain areas.

 

Show the changing locations and relationships of the forebrain, the midbrain, and the hindbrain throughout the development of the brain. You can see how they develop, from an embryo a few weeks after conception to a fetus of seven months of age. 

Subject | Subject

Chapter 2

Forebrain

The forebrain is the region of the brain located toward the top and front of the brain. It comprises the cerebral cortex, the basal ganglia, the limbic system, the thalamus, and the hypothalamus. The cerebral cortex is the outer layer of the cerebral hemispheres. It plays a vital role in our thinking and other mental processes.

Chapter 2

Basal Ganglia

It is the collection of neurons crucial to motor function. Dysfunction of the basal ganglia can result in motor deficits. These deficits include tremors, involuntary movements, posture and muscle tone changes, and slowness of movement. Deficits are observed in Parkinson’s disease and Huntington’s disease. Both these diseases entail severe motor symptoms

Cognitive Psychology

Chapter 2

Lymbic System

is important to emotion, motivation, memory, and learning. Animals such as fish and reptiles, which have relatively undeveloped limbic systems, respond to the environment almost exclusively by instinct. Mammals and especially humans have relatively more developed limbic systems. Our limbic system allows us to suppress instinctive responses (e.g., the impulse to strike someone who accidentally causes us pain). Our limbic systems help us to adapt our behaviors flexibly in response to our changing environment. The limbic system comprises three central interconnected cerebral structures: the septum, the amygdala, and the hippocampus.

Cognitive Psychology

Chapter 2

Lymbic System

is important to emotion, motivation, memory, and learning. Animals such as fish and reptiles, which have relatively undeveloped limbic systems, respond to the environment almost exclusively by instinct. Mammals and especially humans have relatively more developed limbic systems. Our limbic system allows us to suppress instinctive responses (e.g., the impulse to strike someone who accidentally causes us pain). Our limbic systems help us to adapt our behaviors flexibly in response to our changing environment. The limbic system comprises three central interconnected cerebral structures: the septum, the amygdala, and the hippocampus.

Cognitive Psychology

Chapter 2

Korsakoff’s syndrome

It a disease that produces loss of memory function Other symptoms include apathy, paralysis of muscles controlling the eye, and tremor. This loss is believed to be associated with deterioration of the hippocampus and is caused by a lack of thiamine (Vitamin B-1) in the brain. The syndrome can result from excessive alcohol use, dietary deficiencies, or eating disorders.

Cognitive Psychology

Chapter 2

The forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain contain structures that perform essential functions for survival as well as for high-level thinking and feeling.

Cognitive Psychology

Chapter 2

​The Midbrain

Cognitive Psychology

Chapter 2

• ​Superior colliculi (on top): Involved in vision (especially visual reflexes)

• ​Inferior colliculi (below): Involved in hearing

• Reticular activating system (also extends into the hindbrain)​: Important in controlling consciousness (sleep arousal), attention, cardiorespira- tory function, and movement

• ​Gray matter, red nucleus, substantia nigra, ventral region: Important in controlling movement

​The Hindbrain

Cognitive Psychology

Chapter 2

• ​Cerebellum: Essential to balance, coordination, and muscle tone

• Pons: Involved in consciousness (sleep and arousal); bridges neural transmissions from one part of the brain to another; involved with facial nerves

• ​Medulla oblongata: Serves as juncture at which nerves cross from one side of the body to opposite side of the brain; involved in cardiorespiratory function, digestion, and swallowing

Receptors and Drugs

Cognitive Psychology

Chapter 2

Receptors in the brain that generally are occupied by the common neurotransmitters can be hijacked by psychopharmacologically active drugs, legal or illegal. In such cases, the molecules of the drugs enter into receptors that generally would be for neurotransmitter substances endogenous in (originating in) the body.

When people stop using the drugs, withdrawal symptoms arise. Once a user has formed narcotic dependence, the form of treatment differs for acute toxicity (the damage done from a particular overdose) versus chronic toxicity (the damage done by long-term drug addiction). Acute toxicity is often treated with naloxone or related drugs. Naloxone (as well as a related drug, naltrexone) occupies opiate receptors in the brain better than the opiates themselves occupy those sites; thus, it blocks all effects of narcotics. Naloxone has such a strong affinity for the endorphin receptors in the brain that it actually displaces molecules of drugs already in these receptors and then moves into the receptors. Naloxone is not addictive, however. Even though it binds to receptors, it does not activate them. Although naloxone can be a life-saving drug for someone overdosed on opiates, its effects are short-lived. Thus, it is a poor long-term treatment for drug addiction.

In narcotic detoxification, methadone often is substituted for the narcotic (typically, heroin). Methadone binds to endorphin receptor sites similar to naloxone and reduces the heroin cravings and withdrawal symptoms of addicted persons. After the substitution, gradually decreasing dosages are administered to the patient until they are drug-free. Unfortunately, the usefulness of methadone is limited by the fact that it is addictive.

Multiple Choice

Largest area of brain that controls everything conscious 

• Cerebellum
• Cerebrum
• Diencephalon
• Brain Stem

Open Ended

What imaging does this describe?

"electric stimulation of one part of the brain causes specific sensations in the body"

Open Ended

What imaging does this describe?

"combines PET and MRI, real time log of brain activity"

Multiple Choice

What is the purpose of the corpus callosum?

• Send information from one hemisphere of the brain to the other hemisphere.

• Production of language.

• Allows you to see.

• Processes your glands.

Multiple Choice

What does Broca's area do?

• Processing language understanding.

• Allows production of speech.

• Makes associations between a place and name.

• Makes associations between a name and a face.

Multiple Choice

Paul Broca studied a case study named "Tan." Tan was interesting because

• his personality changed due to a stroke.

• damage to his brain limited him to only say Tan

• Due to a stroke, Tan had a difficult time in forming new long term memories.

• Tan had a stroke and damaged an area of the brain that produced melatonin and Tan could not go to sleep.

Multiple Choice

This theory states that some behavior has specific place in the brain.

• Loci of Focus

• Localization of Function

• Loci of Corti

• Locus Pocus

Multiple Choice

Lobe of cerebrum that processes vision

• Occipital
• Frontal
• Temporal
• Parietal

Multiple Choice

This structure of neurons connects the two hemispheres.

• Thalamus

• Hippocampus

• Corpus Callosum

• Limbic System

Multiple Choice

Lobe of cerebrum that processes memory and understanding speech?

• Temporal
• Occipital
• Parietal
• Frontal

Multiple Choice

Paul Broca discovered Broca's area in the brain. What is this part of the brain responsible for?

• Speech comprehension

• Speech articulation

• Speech comprehension and speech articulation

• Planning

Multiple Choice

Lobe that deals with learning and movement

• Frontal
• Parietal
• Occipital
• Temporal

Multiple Choice

What is the parietal lobe associated with?

• reasoning
• movement
• visual processing
• processing auditory information
• memory

Multiple Choice

This disease is characterized by uncoordinated muscle movement and being unbalanced

• Stroke
• Cerebellar Ataxia
• Aphasia
• Prader Willi

Multiple Choice

How many sections is the cortex divided into?

• 3

• 5

• 2

• 4

• 6

Multiple Choice

Damage to the Hypothalamus causes constant hunger

• Prader Willi
• Cerebellar Ataxia
• Cerebral Palsy
• Stroke

Multiple Choice

The major parts of the human brain are the cortex, the cerebellum, the limbic system, and the brain stem.

• true
• false

Multiple Choice

Area of cerebrum that allows us to speak

• Broca's Area
• Wernicke's area
• Precentral Gyrus
• Postcentral Gyrus

Multiple Choice

Which lobe(s) is (are) involved in processing auditory information?

• Temporal lobe

• Occipital lobe

• Frontal lobe

• Parietal lobe

Multiple Choice

Controls vital functions such as breathing and heart rate

• Diencephalon
• Frontal Lobe
• Brain Stem
• Cerebellum

Multiple Choice

This part of the brain is involved in basic body regulation?

• cerebellum
• limbic sysytem
• cortex
• brain stem

Multiple Choice

Parts of the Brain Stem

• Pons & Cerebrum
• Cerebrum and Cerebellum
• Thalamus and Hypothalamus
• Pons & Medulla Oblongata

Multiple Choice

Which brain structure is known as the "emotional brain"?

• Cortex
• Limbic system
• Cerebellum
• Brain stem
• dorsal lateral prefrontal cortex

Multiple Choice

Separates the Frontal from the Parietal Lobes

• Lateral Sulcus
• Central Sulcus
• Longitudinal Fissure
• Postcentral Gyrus

Multiple Choice

What is the most important lobe of the brain for higher order thinking?

• Parietal
• Temporal
• Frontal
• Occipital
• Hippocampus

Multiple Choice

Separates the Left and Right sides of the brain

• Central sulcus
• Latitudinal Fissure
• Temporal Fissure
• Longitudinal Fissure

Multiple Choice

What is involved with memory, emotion, and fear?

• Hippocampus
• Hypothalamus
• Thalamus
• Amygdala
• temporal-occipital junction

Multiple Choice

Lack of Blood flow to the brain

• Amnesia
• Aphasia
• Stroke
• Prader Willi

Multiple Choice

What is "below" the thalamus in the brain?

• Thamalus
• Amygdala
• Hypothalamus
• Hippocampus

Multiple Choice

Inability to speak and understand speech

• Aphasia
• Ataxia
• Amnesia
• Acommunicasia

Multiple Choice

What is important with learning, memory and transferring short-term memory to a more permanent store?

• Hippocampus
• Thalamus
• Amygdala
• Hypothalamus

Multiple Choice

What is this?

• Precentral Gyrus
• Postcentral Gyrus
• Central Gyrus
• Parietal Gyrus

Multiple Choice

Within the cortex's four lobes, which lobe is associated with visual processing?

• Temporal lobe
• Frontal lobe, parietal lobe, temporal lobe, occitital lobs
• Occipital lobe
• Parietal lobe

Multiple Choice

What are the 4 lobes?

• cerebral cortex, limbic system, fusiform gyrus, Wernik's area

• frontal, temporal, occipital, pareital

• hippocampal lobe, amygdala lobe, prefrontal lobe, corpus callosum lobe

• occipital lobe

Multiple Choice

What is this?

• Cerebrum
• Cerebellum
• Brain Stem
• Diencephalon

Multiple Choice

The skeletal muscles are controlled by this part of the nervous system.

• Somatic Nervous system
• Autonomic Nervous system
• astrocytes
• glial cells

Multiple Choice

What part of the brain controls hunger and thirst?

• Hypothalamus
• Thalamus
• Pons
• Medulla Oblongata

Multiple Choice

• Nucleus

• Cell Body

• Axon

• Node of Ranvier

Multiple Choice

What is this?

• Pons
• Medulla Oblongata
• Cerebellum
• Hypothalamus

Multiple Choice

What does Electroencephalography do?

• Track anatomical structure

• Examines neurons to track electrical signals in the brain

• Detect lesions early

• Make images of the brain

Multiple Choice

These use radioactive sugar injected into the bloodstream to tract the activity of brain cells, which is enhanced and color-coded by a computer.

• PET

• MRI

• fMRI

• EEG

Multiple Choice

This technology is the LEAST helpful to look at the brain's tissues.

• EEG

• PET

• fMRI

• MRI

Multiple Choice

Which of the following scans does not use a harmful form of radiation that could mutate cells?

• Xrays

• PET

• CT

• MRI

Multiple Choice

This image was produced by

• EEG

• MRI

• fMRI

• PET

Multiple Choice

Which of the following images is a PET scan?

Multiple Choice

This is a direct measure of brain function, has a very high temporal resolution, has excellent spatial resolution; sources can be localized with millimeter precision.

• fMRI

• EEG

• MEG

• PET

Multiple Choice

This is a technique for measuring and mapping brain activity that is noninvasive and safe.

• EEG

• X-Ray

• fMRI

• CAT scan

Multiple Choice

Which of these is a degenerative brain disease?

• Parkinson's

• Prosopagnosia

• Synesthesia

• Epilepsy

Multiple Choice

What is the brain disorder that causes face blindness?

• Synesthesia

• Alzheimer's

• Parkinson's

• Prosopagnosia

Multiple Choice

Which lobe of the brain did Phineas Gage damage?

• Temporal

• Occipital

• Frontal

• Parietal

Multiple Choice

Problems with voluntary muscle movements because of damage to developing brain (often before birth) •Symptoms: Stiff muscles, exaggerated reflexes, lack of coordination, involuntary movements 

• Alzheimer's disease 
• Cerebral Palsy
• Epilepsy
• Hydrocephalus 

Multiple Choice

increased amount of CSF in ventricles of brain that causes swelling of head

• Alzheimer's disease 
• Cerebral Palsy
• Epilepsy
• Hydrocephalus 

Multiple Choice

inflammation of the linings of the brain and spinal cord •Tests: blood cultures, x-rays, LUMBAR PUNCTURE  •Symptoms: Severe headache, Stiff neck, Nausea/Vomiting  

• meningitis 
• multiple sclerosis 
• neuritis 
• paralysis 

Multiple Choice

chronic autoimmune disease that attacks myelin sheaths •Symptoms: Weakness of extremities, Numbness, Double vision, Speech problems 

• meningitis 
• multiple sclerosis 
• neuritis 
• paralysis 

Multiple Choice

What direction foes the electrical signal travel through the neuron?

• From dendrites, down the Axon, and out Axon terminalsThis is a correct answer

• From Axon terminals, down the Axon, & out of the dendrites

• Any direction up or down the cell

• From the Axon, to the Dendrites, and out the Axon terminals

Multiple Choice

What is this?

• Pons
• Medulla Oblongata
• Epithalamus
• 3rd Ventricle

Multiple Choice

What does the neuron's Axon do?

• Controls the actions of the neuron

• Produces food for the neuron

• Carries information from the cell body to other neuronsThis is a wrong answer

• Controls speed of electrical signal through the axon

Multiple Choice

What does the neuron's Myelin Sheath do?

• Controls the actions of the neuron

• Produces food for the neuron

• Carries information from the cell body to other neuronsThis is a wrong answer

• Surrounds and insulates the axon

Multiple Choice

What do Dendrites do?

• Intakes information from other neurons

• Produces fatty tissue for the Myelin Sheath

• Sends information to the next cell

• Controls the speed of electrical signal through the axon

Multiple Choice

What do Nodes of Ranvier do?

• Intakes information from other neurons

• Produces fatty tissue for the Myelin Sheath

• Sends information to the next cell

• Controls the speed of electrical signal through the axon

Multiple Choice

What do Schwann Cells do?

• Intakes information from other neurons

• Produces fatty tissue for the Myelin Sheath

• Sends information to the next cell

• Controls the speed of electrical signal through the axon

Multiple Choice

What do Axon Terminals do?

• Intakes information from other neurons

• Produces fatty tissue for the Myelin Sheath

• Sends information to the next cell

• Controls the speed of electrical signal through the axon

Multiple Choice

What are the Neurons?

• Units that constitute the nervous system.

• Units that constitute the brain tissue.

• Blocks of tissue that constitute the endocrine system.

• Blocks or tissues that constitute the organs of the body system.

Multiple Choice

What is the name of the part of the neuron that is pointed out in the image?

• Cell Body (Soma)

• Axon

• Myelin Sheats

• Dendrites

Multiple Choice

What is the name of the part of the neuron that is pointed out in the image?

• Myelin Sheats

• Axon

• Dendrites

• Cell Body (Soma)

Multiple Choice

What is the name of the part of the neuron that is pointed out in the image?

• Myelin Sheats

• Cell Body (Soma)

• Dendrites

• Axon

Multiple Choice

The neuron's life support that contains the nucleus is:

• Soma

• Dendrites

• Myelin Sheaths

• Axon

Multiple Choice

What type of neuron is represented on the image?

• Motor Neuron

• Interneuron

• Sensory Neuron

Multiple Choice

What is the chemical used by a neuron to transmit an impulse across a synapse to another nerve cell?

• Neurotransmitters
• Synapse
• Threshold
• Impulse

Multiple Choice

This is the gap or space between two neurons

• Dendrites
• Cell Body
• Synapse
• Axon

Multiple Choice

What is not a function of pons?

• Facial expressions

• Blood pressure

• Both

Multiple Choice

What is the function of Cerebellum?

• control respiration

• store memory

• both (a) and (b)

• only (b)

Multiple Choice

Which one is the lowest part of the brain?

• Pons

• Cerebellum

• Medulla oblongata

• All of these

Multiple Choice

What is the main function of cerebellum?

• Eye movement

• Coordination of muscular movements

• Bladder control

Multiple Choice

State True or False:

In Cerebellum the Hindbrain can be easily recognized by its wrinkled surface.

• True

• Flase

Multiple Choice

Cerebellum maintains _____________ and ______________ of the body.

• sleep mechanism and sleep characterized by dreaming

• Equilibrium and Controls posture

• None of these

Multiple Choice

Pons contain neural centers, which regulate basic life supporting activities.

• True

• False

Multiple Choice

Which is NOT one of the 3 major parts of the Brain?

• Forebrain

• Midbrain

• Pons

• Hindbrain

Multiple Choice

What is NOT in the limbic system?

• Hippocampus

• Thalamus

• hypothalamus

• temporal lobe

Multiple Choice

It is involved in anger and fear.

• septum

• amygdala

• Hypocampus

• Thalamus

Multiple Choice

plays an important role in emotion as well, especially in anger and aggression

• septum

• amygdala

• Hypocampus

• Thalamus

Multiple Choice

plays an essential role in memory formation

• septum

• amygdala

• Hypocampus

• Thalamus