English 10 Unit 8 Review

English 10

Unit 8 Review

Speeches Test due date 5/24 8.4.3 & 8.4.4​

By Cynthia Phillips

8.1.2 READ

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You mu​st watch the speech by Jennifer Granholm "Remembering Rosa Parks." the transcript is posted if you'd like to read along.​

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When Rosa Parks died at age 92 in 2005, her funeral was in Detroit, Michigan. The governor of Michigan, Jennifer Granholm, was in attendance and gave this eulogy to honor her .

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​What is a eulogy?

(praises someone or something highly, typically someone who has just died.)

​Sound devices... pg. 6.... allieration, consonance, assonance

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Metaphors....​ pg. 7, 8 .... extended metaphor in Granholn's eulogy

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Repetition​... pg. 9 ... helps the audience stay focused

​Poetic devices help the listener pay attention 8.1.3

​Analyze a speech

E​Identify the speaker's main argument 8.1.7 pages 2-3

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Examine HOW the speaker makes the argument. ​ pages 4-8

Tools of Rhetoric

Ethos

Logos

Pathos​

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Multiple Choice

A prescription drug commercial featuring a doctor uses this appeal...

• Ethos

• Pathos

• Logos

Multiple Choice

Donate just $1 a day to starving children. Make sure no one goes hungry under your watch...

• ethos
• pathos
• logos

Multiple Choice

The Center for Disease Control advises everyone to get a flu vaccination.

• ethos
• pathos
• logos

Multiple Choice

"Wear Air Jordans at your next game, and see how high you fly!" - Michael Jordan

• ethos
• pathos
• logos

Multiple Choice

Nearly 25% of all car accidents are caused by drivers using cell phones while driving.

• ethos
• pathos
• logos

​WARNING!!!!!

​A speech may be undeniably powerful, but in your analysis of the speech, you may find some problems in the speaker's use of logos.

In arguments that rest on logic and reasoning, mistakes can be made — intentionally or not. When reasoning goes wrong, a fallacy can result. Some fallacies have become so common throughout history that they've been named and studied. We're going to look at four of them.

​Fallacy 1 8.1.7 page 10

​If you can't address the argument, then just attack the person, right? Actually, this (illogical) strategy has been around so long that it has a Latin name — we call this an ad hominem fallacy.

​Fallacy 2 8.1.7 page 11

​Another common logical fallacy is the straw man move:

Tria: I'm against another tax increase. Kevan: Tria's arguing that services for the poor aren't necessary, but that's obviously not true. Tria: Wait, that's not what I meant at all.

Instead of addressing Tria's point directly, Kevan creates a cartoonish and exaggerated version of Tria's point and argues against that instead.

​Fallacy 3 8.1.7 page 12

B​egging the question happens when someone supports an argument with the argument itself, not with evidence or reasons. In other words, begging the question uses circular reasoning.

​Fallacy 4 8.1.7 page 13

​False Causality

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Ali: I ate at the cafeteria, and now I'm sick. That food made me sick.

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Blaine: But everyone else in your family is sick, and they don't eat there.

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​Read 8.2.1 Justice Sonia Sotomayor's New York University's 2012 Commencement Address. She was asked to speak because she is the first Hispanic person and the third woman to be nominated to serve as a U. S. Supreme Court Justice.

​She knows a lot about being raised in poverty and overcoming obstacles to reach lofty goals. What a perfect choice to offer a commencement speech.

They not only offer memorable information in the speech.... but they help organize it as well.​

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Listeners can listen for changes in themes that mark a new section​.

8.2.4 Read​

​Read FDR's Four Freedoms Speech

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Imagine the challenge that faces a speaker who wants to convince his or her audience to support a course of action that is not only unpopular but could result in the highest of personal costs. That was the situation Franklin D. Roosevelt found himself in on January 6, 1941.​

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Hitler had already taken most of Europe. England was very close to being next. If Hitler got England, he ​was going to cross the Atlantic.

​Four Freedoms: 8.2.6 page 11

• Freedom of Speech

• Freedom of Worship

• Freedom from Want

• Freedom from Fear​

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​How effectively your message is received is heavily influenced by the tone you maintain. Choose a tone that matches the topic.

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Tone indicates the speaker's attitude toward the subject or the audience. In a speech, tone may be communicated through voice, facial expressions, and posture as well as words.​

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Our friend talking about Killer Bees ranges in tone from overdramatic to almost bored. Not so good!​

​Choose the right tone 8.3.1 pages 3 & 4

​Style 8.3.1 page 5

​One of the most important style considerations is the level of formality.

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Among friends, people can use language that makes them comfortable. It's fine to use slang (such as LOL and like) and imprecise language (such as stuff and things). It's also O.K. to repeat ideas or change one's mind in an informal situation, too.

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But in formal speeches, it's important to avoid slang and to use precise words instead of vague ones.

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Any examples or details that are presented should be appropriate to the given audience.

​Media/Visual Aids 8.3.1 page 8

​Today, speakers have access to a variety of media elements for their presentations, such as video, music, or radio clips. When there is a complex point to be made, a good speaker often uses a chart, graph, or other visual aid.

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​When they're used well, media and visual aids can make a speech more entertaining, more memorable, and easier to understand. But it doesn't happen automatically. A speaker must use media wisely or risk doing more harm than good.

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​Purpose of Media in Speeches 8.3.1 page 9

​Using media in a speech is a lot like using words. When speakers keep it simple and stick to the point, they're usually successful. But when they get too fancy, they sometimes end up distracting the audience instead of improving communication.

Media elements in a speech need to do at least one of the following:

• Highlight a key point

• Provide evidence to support a point

• Make a hard idea easier to understand

• Make an abstract idea more down-to-earth

• Add entertainment value

​Two Speeches 8.3.3 Read

​View two speeches

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One by Dan Pink the other by Al Gore​

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Fill in your ​Reading Guide as you view each speech

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Your 8.3.5 Discussion Post refers to the Gore speech

Remember to make one meaningful Post in answer to the ​question and two meaningful comments to classmates' posts.

​Adapting to Audience and Context 8.3.6 pages 1

​Effective speakers use the right tone and style to reach a particular audience at a particular moment.

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When deciding what to say and how to say it, a speaker must consider not only the audience but the situation and setting (context).

Open Ended

What are some things that provide context to a speech?