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Summer School BIO STAAR review: Genetics

Summer School BIO STAAR review: Genetics

Assessment

Presentation

Biology

9th - 10th Grade

Medium

Created by

Samantha Knowles

Used 5+ times

FREE Resource

39 Slides • 52 Questions

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Summer School BIO STAAR review: Genetics

By Samantha Knowles

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DNA - Deoxyribonucleic Acid

  • DNA molecules consist of small units called nucleotides. 

    Several Million nucleotides make up one strand of DNA.

  • DNA is what carried our genes

  • Our genes cannot be translated until mRNA leaves the nucleus, goes to the ribosome, and makes proteins

  • DNA's purpose is to make proteins

  • But it has to go through multiple steps before it can do that

  • DNA stays in the nucleus (it cannot leave), which is the purpose of mRNA, it is able to leave the nucleus

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​DNA

  • ​Codes for proteins

    • ​keratin- hair protein

    • ​insulin- glucose regulation

    • ​hGH- growth hormone

    • antigens- blood type

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​Nucleotides

  • ​Order determines Genetic traits

  • Made of nitrogenous base, phosphate and sugar

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Nucleotides

  • Phosphate group + sugar + nitrogen base = one nucleotide 


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Multiple Choice

Blood types such as A, B, AB, and O are a physical characteristic of anantigen located on an individuals red blood cell.  This is possible because DNA codes for a specific _______

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phosphate

2

protein

3

nucleotide

4

thymine

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DNA is Found in ALL Living Things​

  • All living things MUST have

    • DNA

    • ​Ribosomes

    • ​Cell membrane

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Multiple Choice

What base joins with A?

1

C

2

G

3

T

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Multiple Choice

What base joins with G

1

A

2

T

3

C

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Multiple Choice

Dolphins and Humpback whales both are able to use echolocation to locate prey in murky/dark waters due to a common mutation of their cochlear nerve . Based on this information what is the probable conclusion?

1

Dolphins and Humpback share common genes

2

Dolphins and Humpbacks eat the same prey

3

Dolphins are evolving into Humpbacks

4

Dolphins and Humpbacks are found in the same regions

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​DNA and Protein Synthesis TRANSCRIPTION

  • ​DNA is the blueprints

  • ​mRNA makes a copy

    • substituting Thymine with Uracil

      DNA code ATC CGA CAA

    • ​mRNA code UAG GCU GUU

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​Transcription in Eukaryotes

​Occurs in the nucleus

​an inner protected membrane

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Multiple Choice

During protein synthesis, an RNA strand is transcribed from one strand of DNA (GCG TTA CCT) What is the complementary RNA strand?

1

CGC UUT CCT

2

CGC AAU GGA

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GCG UUA CCU

4

CGC AAT GGA

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Translation

  • ​mRNA attaches to the ribosome

  • ​tRNA transports the correct amino acids to bind

  • ​rRNA helps bind amino acids together

  • ​a protein is made

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​Translation

​Occurs in the ribosome

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Multiple Choice

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WHAT IS #3 (ITS CARRYING AND AMINO ACID)

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T RNA

2

M RNA

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R RNA

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Protein Synthesis

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Multiple Choice

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mRNA codon AAA codes for which amino acid

1

ASPARAGINE

2

LYSINE

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SERINE

4

ARGININE

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The Central Dogma

  • DNA to RNA to Protein

  • DNA to mRNA

  • mRNA read by rRNA

  • tRNA bring amino acids

  • Amino acids bind making proteins

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Multiple Choice

What is the central dogma?

1

DNA to RNA to Amino Acid

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DNA to RNA to Protein

3

RNA to DNA to Protein

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RNA to DNA to Amino Acid

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RNA

Single strand

Uracil instead of thymine

3 types

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Multiple Choice

In RNA, what base replaces Thymine?

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Cytosine

2

Adenine

3

Uracil

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Guanine

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Multiple Choice

Determine the RNA sequence that compliments the DNA stranded:


TACGGT

1

TACGGT

2

AUGCCA

3

ATGCCA

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UACGGU

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Multiple Choice

When using your codon chart, what sequence can you use to find the correct amino acid?

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DNA

2

mRNA

3

tRNA

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Any of these will do

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Multiple Choice

What organelle reads the mRNA and finds the correct amino acid?

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DNA

2

Nucleus

3

Ribosome

4

Chloroplast

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Multiple Choice

Question image
What process is going on in this photo? 
1
Transcription 
2
Translation 
3
Replication 
4
All the above 

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Multiple Choice

Question image
What amino acid is represented by the codon UUA?
1
Phenylalanine
2
Tyrosine
3
Leucine
4
Stop codon

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Mutations

You are definitely a mutant!!!

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Open Ended

A friend makes the following statement: "Mutations are all bad, right?" How do you respond?

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Multiple Choice

Which statement correctly describes a way that mutations increase the likelihood that a species will survive in a changing environment?

1

Mutations are a source of variation in the species

2

Mutations are the cause of disease in the species

3

Mutations are not harmful when they occur in somatic cells

4

Mutations are always passed on to subsequent generations

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Multiple Choice

A parent that has a mutation to their skin cells caused by the environment can pass this mutation to their offspring

1

True

2

False

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Multiple Choice

tRNA is involved in
1
carrying amino acids 
2
carrying ribosomes
3
carrying glucose
4
carrying lipids

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Multiple Choice

Amino acids are joined together in order to form
1
DNA
2
ribosomes
3
proteins 
4
RNA

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Multiple Choice

Mutated DNA sequences that can be passed from parent to offspring --
1
occur in somatic cells (body cells)
2
occur in gametic cells (sex cells)
3
are rejected by meiosis
4
only occur if the parent is exposed to harmful substances

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Multiple Choice

Question image

Original DNA: CAT GAT CCA

New DNA: CAT TGA TCC A

What mutation occurred?

1

deletion

2

substitution

3

tranverse

4

insertion

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Multiple Choice

What organelle reads the mRNA and finds the correct amino acid?

1

DNA

2

Nucleus

3

Ribosome

4

Chloroplast

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Multiple Choice

How many nucleotides make up a codon?

1

1

2

3

3

5

4

15

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Multiple Choice

How many codons: AAU GCG AUG

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9

2

1

3

3

4

15

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Multiple Choice

How many nucleotides? AAU GCG AUG

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9

2

3

3

1

4

15

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Multiple Choice

ATCAGTGAT A codon is a sequence of three nucleotides that code for an amino acid. If the DNA sequence shown here goes through transcription and translation, how many amino acids will result from this sequence?
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5
2
4
3
2
4
3

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Meiosis

Take C-Notes on the Video and the following 4 slides. Pay particular attention to the steps of meiosis, especially what happens in Prophase 1. Make sure you understand what "Crossing Over" is.

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Meiosis

Study this picture. Notice how a cell with four chromosomes turns into four different cells, each containing two chromosomes.

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Crossing Over

Remember, the steps of Meiosis are similar to the steps to Mitosis. The major differences is that "Crossing Over" of the DNA occurs in Meiosis.


During Prophase 1 and Metaphase 1 of Meiosis, the DNA next to each other can SWITCH chromosomes, making a completely new strand of DNA.

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Meiosis results in half the original DNA

Each new sperm or egg cell has a different set of DNA, which is why you are different than your siblings.

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Multiple Choice

Question image

How many chromosomes does a human somatic (body) cell have?

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2

2

14

3

23

4

46

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Multiple Choice

Why do sexually reproducing organisms need meiosis?

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To double the number of chromosomes in a new organism

2

So that gametes have half the number of chromosomes of the organism

3

So that offspring are identical

4

So that human sperm and egg cells will each have 46 chromosomes.

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Multiple Choice

Question image

What process, and which types of cells are represented by the diagram?

1

Mitosis, somatic cells

2

Mitosis, gametes

3

Meiosis, somatic cells

4

Meiosis, gametes

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Multiple Choice

Question image

This image shows chromosomes during Prophase 1. Which of the following correctly describes the process shown?

1

segregation of sister chromatids

2

mutation in which the DNA content of the gene is altered

3

condensation and segregation of alleles

4

crossing - over in which alleles are exchanged

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Multiple Choice

Crossing over occurs in what phase of Meiosis?

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Prophase I

2

Prophase II

3

Metaphase I

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Interphase

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Multiple Choice

Question image
Which process and type of resulting cells are represented?
1
mitosis, gametes
2
mitosis, body cells
3
meiosis, gametes
4
meiosis, body cells

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Multiple Choice

A male shark has 40 chromosomes in each of its sex cells. How many would be present in its body cells?
1
20
2
40
3
80
4
160

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Multiple Choice

DURING WHICH PHASE OF MEIOSIS DOES GENETIC VARIATION INCREASE

1

PROPHASE II

2

PROPHASE I

3

ANAPHASE I

4

ANAPHASE II

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Multiple Choice

WHAT TYPE OF CELLS STORE THE GENETIC INFORMATION THAT IS PASSED TO OFF-SPRING

1

BODY CELLS

2

MITOSIS

3

EGG

4

SPERM

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EGG AND SPERM

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Genetics (Mendelian Genetics)

Essential Question: Why do different individuals show different traits?

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Traits:

  • Characteristics that make an individual unique

  • These traits are passed from parent to offspring during reproduction

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Early Genetics and Mendel's Peas

  • 150 years ago no one knew about "genes" or "chromosomes"

  • Mendel studied peas to determine how traits are passed from parent to offspring. "Why do we look similar?"

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Traits observed by Mendel

  • Seed shape ( round or wrinkled)

  • Seed color (yellow or green)

  • Flower color (purple or white)

  • Plant height (tall or short)

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Can we predict someone's traits?

  • Yes! We can look at their parents genes to determine outcomes

  • Dominant genes are written as CAPITAL letters

  • Recessive genes are written as lower case letters.

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Alleles: Two forms of a gene

  • Dominant: The stronger of the 2 genes

  • Recessive: The weaker of the two genes

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Punnett Squares

  • Punnett square is the standard way of working out possible offspring outcome of 2 parents

  • Father has 2 sets of alleles from his parent

  • Mother has 2 sets of alleles from her parents

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Phenotype:

  • The observable characteristic of an individual

  • If an individual gets ONE dominant gene, the individual will show the dominant phenotype (BB, or Bb)

  • an individual must have 2 pairs of the recessive gene to show that phenotype. (bb)

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Multiple Choice

How do we write DOMINANT alleles?

1

Capital letters

2

Lower case

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Multiple Choice

What is a trait?

1

Your DNA

2

The things that make an individual unique

3

Common characteristics in a species

4

Chromosomes

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Multiple Choice

a ___________ is a letter combination of an allele

1

phenotype

2

genotype

3

dominant

4

recessive

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Multiple Choice

Question image

This image is called a ____________

1

triangle

2

punnett square

3

square

4

rectangle

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Multiple Choice

Who is considered the "father" of modern genetics?

1

Einstein

2

Mendel

3

Disney

4

Washington

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Poll

Question image

A

B

C

D

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Poll

Question image

A

B

C

D

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Multiple Choice

RNA is read in sections called:
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Triplets
2
Genes
3
Codons
4
Genes

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Multiple Choice

Question image
What is the correct amino acid sequence for the mRNA code AUGCCAGUAUGA
1
Met-Pro-Ala-Val
2
Met-Pro-Val
3
Tyr-Gly-His
4
Tyr-Gly-Arg-His

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Poll

Question image

A

B

C

D

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Multiple Choice

Question image
Which amino acid pairs with the codon AGA
1
Thr
2
Arg
3
Ala
4
Glu

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Multiple Select

Which of the following increase genetic diversity in organisms? There may be more than one correct answer.

1

Mitosis

2

Meiosis

3

Mutations

4

Crossing over

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Poll

Question image

A

B

C

D

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Poll

Question image

Answer choices A, B, C and D are shown in the answer choices area. Due to having to make all of these with screen shots there are other words in a couple and they look kind of weird. Please ask for help if the answer choices dont make since to you.

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Poll

Question image

Don't forget, you may need to use a punnett square for this problem.

A

B

C

D

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Poll

Question image

A

B

C

D

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Poll

Question image

A

B

C

D

Summer School BIO STAAR review: Genetics

By Samantha Knowles

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