Summer School BIO STAAR review: Genetics

Summer School BIO STAAR review: Genetics

By Samantha Knowles

DNA - Deoxyribonucleic Acid

• DNA molecules consist of small units called nucleotides. 

  Several Million nucleotides make up one strand of DNA.

• DNA is what carried our genes

• Our genes cannot be translated until mRNA leaves the nucleus, goes to the ribosome, and makes proteins

• DNA's purpose is to make proteins

• But it has to go through multiple steps before it can do that

• DNA stays in the nucleus (it cannot leave), which is the purpose of mRNA, it is able to leave the nucleus

​DNA

• ​Codes for proteins

  • ​keratin- hair protein

  • ​insulin- glucose regulation

  • ​hGH- growth hormone

  • antigens- blood type

​Nucleotides

• ​Order determines Genetic traits

• Made of nitrogenous base, phosphate and sugar

  ​

Nucleotides

• Phosphate group + sugar + nitrogen base = one nucleotide 

  
  

Multiple Choice

Blood types such as A, B, AB, and O are a physical characteristic of anantigen located on an individuals red blood cell.  This is possible because DNA codes for a specific _______

• phosphate

• protein

• nucleotide

• thymine

DNA is Found in ALL Living Things​

• All living things MUST have

  • DNA

  • ​Ribosomes

  • ​Cell membrane

Multiple Choice

What base joins with A?

• C

• G

• T

Multiple Choice

What base joins with G

• A

• T

• C

Multiple Choice

Dolphins and Humpback whales both are able to use echolocation to locate prey in murky/dark waters due to a common mutation of their cochlear nerve . Based on this information what is the probable conclusion?

• Dolphins and Humpback share common genes

• Dolphins and Humpbacks eat the same prey

• Dolphins are evolving into Humpbacks

• Dolphins and Humpbacks are found in the same regions

​DNA and Protein Synthesis TRANSCRIPTION

• ​DNA is the blueprints

• ​mRNA makes a copy

  • ​substituting Thymine with Uracil

    DNA code ATC CGA CAA

  • ​mRNA code UAG GCU GUU

​Transcription in Eukaryotes

​Occurs in the nucleus

​

​an inner protected membrane

Multiple Choice

During protein synthesis, an RNA strand is transcribed from one strand of DNA (GCG TTA CCT) What is the complementary RNA strand?

• CGC UUT CCT

• CGC AAU GGA

• GCG UUA CCU

• CGC AAT GGA

​Translation

• ​mRNA attaches to the ribosome

• ​tRNA transports the correct amino acids to bind

• ​rRNA helps bind amino acids together

• ​a protein is made

​Translation

​Occurs in the ribosome

Multiple Choice

WHAT IS #3 (ITS CARRYING AND AMINO ACID)

• T RNA

• M RNA

• R RNA

Protein Synthesis

​

Multiple Choice

mRNA codon AAA codes for which amino acid

• ASPARAGINE

• LYSINE

• SERINE

• ARGININE

The Central Dogma

• DNA to RNA to Protein

• DNA to mRNA

• mRNA read by rRNA

• tRNA bring amino acids

• Amino acids bind making proteins

Multiple Choice

What is the central dogma?

• DNA to RNA to Amino Acid

• DNA to RNA to Protein

• RNA to DNA to Protein

• RNA to DNA to Amino Acid

RNA

Single strand

Uracil instead of thymine

3 types

Multiple Choice

In RNA, what base replaces Thymine?

• Cytosine

• Adenine

• Uracil

• Guanine

Multiple Choice

Determine the RNA sequence that compliments the DNA stranded:

TACGGT

• TACGGT

• AUGCCA

• ATGCCA

• UACGGU

Multiple Choice

When using your codon chart, what sequence can you use to find the correct amino acid?

• DNA

• mRNA

• tRNA

• Any of these will do

Multiple Choice

What organelle reads the mRNA and finds the correct amino acid?

• DNA

• Nucleus

• Ribosome

• Chloroplast

Multiple Choice

What process is going on in this photo? 

• Transcription 
• Translation 
• Replication 
• All the above 

Multiple Choice

What amino acid is represented by the codon UUA?

• Phenylalanine
• Tyrosine
• Leucine
• Stop codon

Mutations

You are definitely a mutant!!!

Open Ended

A friend makes the following statement: "Mutations are all bad, right?" How do you respond?

Multiple Choice

Which statement correctly describes a way that mutations increase the likelihood that a species will survive in a changing environment?

• Mutations are a source of variation in the species

• Mutations are the cause of disease in the species

• Mutations are not harmful when they occur in somatic cells

• Mutations are always passed on to subsequent generations

Multiple Choice

A parent that has a mutation to their skin cells caused by the environment can pass this mutation to their offspring

• True

• False

Multiple Choice

tRNA is involved in

• carrying amino acids 
• carrying ribosomes
• carrying glucose
• carrying lipids

Multiple Choice

Amino acids are joined together in order to form

• DNA
• ribosomes
• proteins 
• RNA

Multiple Choice

Mutated DNA sequences that can be passed from parent to offspring --

• occur in somatic cells (body cells)
• occur in gametic cells (sex cells)
• are rejected by meiosis
• only occur if the parent is exposed to harmful substances

Multiple Choice

Original DNA: CAT GAT CCA

New DNA: CAT TGA TCC A

What mutation occurred?

• deletion

• substitution

• tranverse

• insertion

Multiple Choice

What organelle reads the mRNA and finds the correct amino acid?

• DNA

• Nucleus

• Ribosome

• Chloroplast

Multiple Choice

How many nucleotides make up a codon?

• 1

• 3

• 5

• 15

Multiple Choice

How many codons: AAU GCG AUG

• 9

• 1

• 3

• 15

Multiple Choice

How many nucleotides? AAU GCG AUG

• 9

• 3

• 1

• 15

Multiple Choice

ATCAGTGAT A codon is a sequence of three nucleotides that code for an amino acid. If the DNA sequence shown here goes through transcription and translation, how many amino acids will result from this sequence?

• 5
• 4
• 2
• 3

Meiosis

Take C-Notes on the Video and the following 4 slides. Pay particular attention to the steps of meiosis, especially what happens in Prophase 1. Make sure you understand what "Crossing Over" is.

Meiosis

Study this picture. Notice how a cell with four chromosomes turns into four different cells, each containing two chromosomes.

Crossing Over

Remember, the steps of Meiosis are similar to the steps to Mitosis. The major differences is that "Crossing Over" of the DNA occurs in Meiosis.

During Prophase 1 and Metaphase 1 of Meiosis, the DNA next to each other can SWITCH chromosomes, making a completely new strand of DNA.

Meiosis results in half the original DNA

Each new sperm or egg cell has a different set of DNA, which is why you are different than your siblings.

Multiple Choice

How many chromosomes does a human somatic (body) cell have?

• 2

• 14

• 23

• 46

Multiple Choice

Why do sexually reproducing organisms need meiosis?

• To double the number of chromosomes in a new organism

• So that gametes have half the number of chromosomes of the organism

• So that offspring are identical

• So that human sperm and egg cells will each have 46 chromosomes.

Multiple Choice

What process, and which types of cells are represented by the diagram?

• Mitosis, somatic cells

• Mitosis, gametes

• Meiosis, somatic cells

• Meiosis, gametes

Multiple Choice

This image shows chromosomes during Prophase 1. Which of the following correctly describes the process shown?

• segregation of sister chromatids

• mutation in which the DNA content of the gene is altered

• condensation and segregation of alleles

• crossing - over in which alleles are exchanged

Multiple Choice

Crossing over occurs in what phase of Meiosis?

• Prophase I

• Prophase II

• Metaphase I

• Interphase

Multiple Choice

Which process and type of resulting cells are represented?

• mitosis, gametes
• mitosis, body cells
• meiosis, gametes
• meiosis, body cells

Multiple Choice

A male shark has 40 chromosomes in each of its sex cells. How many would be present in its body cells?

• 20
• 40
• 80
• 160

Multiple Choice

DURING WHICH PHASE OF MEIOSIS DOES GENETIC VARIATION INCREASE

• PROPHASE II

• PROPHASE I

• ANAPHASE I

• ANAPHASE II

Multiple Choice

WHAT TYPE OF CELLS STORE THE GENETIC INFORMATION THAT IS PASSED TO OFF-SPRING

• BODY CELLS

• MITOSIS

• EGG

• SPERM

• EGG AND SPERM

Genetics (Mendelian Genetics)

Essential Question: Why do different individuals show different traits?

Traits:

• Characteristics that make an individual unique

• These traits are passed from parent to offspring during reproduction

Early Genetics and Mendel's Peas

• 150 years ago no one knew about "genes" or "chromosomes"

• Mendel studied peas to determine how traits are passed from parent to offspring. "Why do we look similar?"

Traits observed by Mendel

• Seed shape ( round or wrinkled)

• Seed color (yellow or green)

• Flower color (purple or white)

• Plant height (tall or short)

Can we predict someone's traits?

• Yes! We can look at their parents genes to determine outcomes

• Dominant genes are written as CAPITAL letters

• Recessive genes are written as lower case letters.

Alleles: Two forms of a gene

• Dominant: The stronger of the 2 genes

• Recessive: The weaker of the two genes

Punnett Squares

• Punnett square is the standard way of working out possible offspring outcome of 2 parents

• Father has 2 sets of alleles from his parent

• Mother has 2 sets of alleles from her parents

Phenotype:

• The observable characteristic of an individual

• If an individual gets ONE dominant gene, the individual will show the dominant phenotype (BB, or Bb)

• an individual must have 2 pairs of the recessive gene to show that phenotype. (bb)

Multiple Choice

How do we write DOMINANT alleles?

• Capital letters

• Lower case

Multiple Choice

What is a trait?

• Your DNA

• The things that make an individual unique

• Common characteristics in a species

• Chromosomes

Multiple Choice

a ___________ is a letter combination of an allele

• phenotype

• genotype

• dominant

• recessive

Multiple Choice

This image is called a ____________

• triangle

• punnett square

• square

• rectangle

Multiple Choice

Who is considered the "father" of modern genetics?

• Einstein

• Mendel

• Disney

• Washington

Poll

• A

• B

• C

• D

Poll

• A

• B

• C

• D

Multiple Choice

RNA is read in sections called:

• Triplets
• Genes
• Codons
• Genes

Multiple Choice

What is the correct amino acid sequence for the mRNA code AUGCCAGUAUGA

• Met-Pro-Ala-Val
• Met-Pro-Val
• Tyr-Gly-His
• Tyr-Gly-Arg-His

Poll

• A

• B

• C

• D

Multiple Choice

Which amino acid pairs with the codon AGA

• Thr
• Arg
• Ala
• Glu

Multiple Select

Which of the following increase genetic diversity in organisms? There may be more than one correct answer.

• Mitosis

• Meiosis

• Mutations

• Crossing over

Poll

• A

• B

• C

• D

Poll

Answer choices A, B, C and D are shown in the answer choices area. Due to having to make all of these with screen shots there are other words in a couple and they look kind of weird. Please ask for help if the answer choices dont make since to you.

Poll

Don't forget, you may need to use a punnett square for this problem.

• A

• B

• C

• D

Poll

• A

• B

• C

• D

Poll

• A

• B

• C

• D