GEN 002 Review

​GEN 002: REVIEW

DIFFERENT PERSPECTIVES OF THE SELF

There are multiple representations and conceptualizations of the self in different perspectives:

• Philosophy

• Psychology

• Anthropology

• Sociology​

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​SAS 1: From the Perspective of Philosophy

• What is the self?

• What essentially makes up the human person/self?

• Are we souls? Bodies? or fragments of someone else’s imagination?

​SAS 1: From the Perspective of Philosophy

Socrates

• Socrates was the first philosopher who ever engaged in a systematic questioning about the self.

• "Know thyself."

• "Self-knowledge alone eradicates misery".

​SAS 1: From the Perspective of Philosophy

Socrates

• Believed that the “self” exists in two parts.

• Physical, the tangible aspect of the self. This part is mortal and can be or is constantly changing.

• Soul, the immortal aspect of the self.

• While we are alive the physical and soul aspects are attached.

  However, when we die, the body stays in the physical realm while the soul travels to the ideal realm.

Open Ended

According to Socrates, "an unexamined life is not worth living". Do you identify with this statement? Why or why not?

​SAS 1: From the Perspective of Philosophy

​Plato​

• ​Plato took off from his master and supported the idea that man is a dual nature of body and soul.

• ​Plato added that there are 3 components of the soul: rational, spirited, and the appetitive soul.

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​SAS 1: From the Perspective of Philosophy

Aristotle

• Aristotle defined the soul as the core essence of a living being, but argued against it having a separate existence.

• Human Being is a composite body and soul that the soul cannot be separated from the body.

• What is the core essence of a human person?

  3 levels:

  Vegetative - plants

  Sensitive - animals

  Rational - human beings

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​SAS 1: From the Perspective of Philosophy

St. Augustine

• Augustine agreed that man is bifurcated nature. An aspect of man dwells in the world (body) and is imperfect and continuously yearns to be with the Divine and the other (soul) is capable of reaching immortality.

• The goal of every human person is to attain communion and bliss with the Divine by living his life on earth in virtue.

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​SAS 1: From the Perspective of Philosophy

Rene Descartes

• Rene Descartes, Father of Modern Philosophy, conceived of the human person as having a body and a mind.

• Descartes thought that the only thing that one cannot doubt is the existence of the self, for even if one doubts oneself, that only proves that there is a doubting self, a thing that thinks and therefore, that cannot be doubted.

• Thus, his famous, cogito ergo sum, “I think therefore, I am.” The fact that one thinks should lead one to conclude without a trace of doubt that he exists.

Multiple Choice

"Knowing thyself." is a famous line by who?

• Socrates

• Plato

• Aristotle

• St. Augustine

Multiple Choice

Aristotle defined the soul as the core essence of a living being.

• True

• False

Multiple Choice

Cogito ergo sum means

• “I think, therefore I am."

• “I feel, therefore I am."

• "Know thyself."

• "core essence of a living being"

Multiple Choice

The soul (mind) itself is divided into 3 parts: reason; appetite (physical urges); and will (emotion, passion, spirit.)

• True

• False

Multiple Choice

Which of the following can help the individual manage mental conflict and increase harmony of the three parts of the soul according to Plato?

• Reason

• Appetite

• Body

​SAS 2: Self from the Perspective of Sociology

​Classical sociological perspective, the Self is a relatively stable set of perceptions of who we are in relation to ourselves, others, and to social systems. The self is socially constructed in the sense that it is shaped through interaction with other people.

​SAS 2: Self from the Perspective of Sociology

Charles Cooley’s theory of the “looking glass self.”

Cooley wrote that people’s ideas of themselves have “three principal elements:

(1) the imagination of our appearance to the other person;

(2) the imagination of his judgment of that appearance, and

(3) some sort of self-feeling, such as pride or mortification

​SAS 2: Self from the Perspective of Sociology

​George Herbert Mead

• For mead, the way that human person develops is with the use of language acquisition and interaction with others.

• The social self is based on the perspective that the self emerges from social interactions, such as observing and interacting with others, responding to others' opinions about oneself, and internalizing external opinions and internal feelings about oneself.

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Multiple Choice

There are 4 activities that develops the self: language, role, play, and game.

• True

• False

Multiple Choice

Play develop self by allowing individuals to understand and adhere to the rules of the activity.

• True

• False

Multiple Choice

Game develops self by allowing individuals to take on different roles, pretend, and express expectation of

others.

• True

• False

Multiple Choice

According to Mead, the "I" is self as subject; the "me" is self as object.

• True

• False

SAS 3: Self: From the Perspective of Anthropology

Multiple Choice

It is the scientific study of the origins of humans, how we have changed over the years, and how we relate to each other, both within our own culture and with people from other cultures.

• Anthropology

• Sociology

• Psychology

• Philosophy

Multiple Choice

Culture is the "accumulated totality" of symbolic patterns that appear in different societies.

• True

• False

Multiple Choice

Fiesta, music, dresses, hair style and dance are part of anthropology.

• True

• False

SAS 4: Self from the Perspective of Psychology

by William James

William James

• conceptualized the self as having 2 aspects- the "I" self and the "Me" self.

• I self - thinking, acting, and feeling self (knower, actor)

• Me self - physical characteristics as well as psychological capabilities that makes you who you are/ what you think or feel about yourself as an object (object of knowledge)

SAS 4: Self from the Perspective of Psychology

by William James

ME

The gifts were sent to me

The person is smiling at me.

I

I borrowed book from the library

I won the game

Multiple Choice

Philosopher and psychologist William James (1842–1910) was one of the first to postulate a theory of the self in The Principles of Psychology.

• True

• False

Multiple Choice

The I Self reflects what people see or perceive themselves doing in the physical world, whereas the Me Self is a more subjective and psychological phenomenon, referring to individuals’ reflections about themselves.

• True

• False

Multiple Choice

Material self is to tangible as Social self is to

• internal dispositions

• how we interact

SAS 6 & 7: The Western and Eastern Thought of Self

Western ideologies posit that a human self exists separate from all other individuals, Eastern ideologies deny the existence of a fixed human self. In Oriental thought, "the self" is an illusion. Eastern religions ascribe to the idea that we are all influenced by, and connected to, a greater entity or power outside of ourselves.

SAS 6 & 7: The Western and Eastern Thought of Self

Eastern Ideas of Self	Western Ideas of Self
Collectivistic: Prioritize the group as a whole rather than a single individual.	Individualistic: Prioritizes the value and independence of the individual over the group as a whole.
"The self" is an illusion.	"The self" is a unique, personal identity separate from that of others.
Interconnection with the universe.	No inherent connection with the universe.

Multiple Choice

Which of the following describes collectivism?

• A team leader who foster interdependence and group success.

• A team leader that fosters independence and individual achievement.

• A team leader that promotes self-expression, individual thinking, and personal choice.

Multiple Choice

Maria finds herself changing her plans if it makes it easier for everyone.

• Collectivist

• Individualist

Multiple Choice

Maria, a Senior High School Student prefers to work all by herself in school projects. 

• Collectivist

• Individualist

SAS 9 & 10: The Physical Self – Body Image and Self-Esteem & The Material/Economic

Self

Multiple Choice

The following are aspects of the Self, except

• Biological

• Psychological

• Socio-economic

• Religion

Multiple Choice

How a person thinks others perceive him.

• Actual self

• Ideal self

• Social self

• Expected self

Multiple Choice

Self-esteem is how you view your physical self — including

whether you feel you are attractive and whether others like your looks.

• True

• False

Multiple Choice

Body image is how you view your physical self — including

whether you feel you are attractive and whether others like your looks.

• True

• False