Ancient America

​Age of Exploration--Origins

Renaissance and Reformation encourage a spirit of

adventure and curiosity about the world

Many Europeans want silk, and the spices of Asia (India,

China, Japan) for their food, but they don’t want to pay the

high prices these spices cost in Europe. They hope to buy

directly from Asia; not Muslim businessmen in the Middle

East.

THREE G’S—GOD, GOLD AND GLORY.

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Multiple Choice

Which is NOT a reason Europeans were interested in exploration in the 1400 and 1500s?

• They wanted to find a shortcut to Asia to avoid paying high prices to Arab middlemen

• They were looking for cheap and quicker access to Chinese silk and Indian spices

• They were interested in acquiring primary resources such as short staple cotton for their factories

• They were looking to spread their Christian religion and make their country more powerful

​How are they able to do this?

New technologies—New sturdier ships (caravels) with triangular sails (Arabs) allowed ships to sail against the wind. Astrolabes (Arabs) helped determine position based on star location and magnetic compass (Chinese) allowed Europeans to track direction

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Multiple Choice

Which is not a correct pairing of the technology and its function?

• Magnetic compass--triangular sails allowed ships to sail against the wind

• Astrolabe--Helped determine location at sea based on star position

• Magnetic compass--allowed explorers to track their direction (N, S, E, W)

• Caravel--triangular sails allowed ships to sail against the wind

Multiple Choice

The caravel and astrolabe were both inventions from what ethnic group?

• Chinese

• Portuguese

• Indians

• Arabs

​Portugal

​First country to begin exploration of West Africa and Asia--1st to start Atlantic slave trade

Small country--could only expand overseas

Prince Henry the Navigator--Started school for navigation), sponsored explorers

Bartolemeu Dias--First person to circumnavigate (sail around Africa​)--1488

Vasco da Gama--First European explorer to reach India by sea in 1497, brings back 60x the cost of the voyage in silk, spices

Pedro Cabral--Strong storm off the coast of Africa blows his ship westward, lands in Brazil--1500​

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​Spain

--Jealous of Portugal's wealth from trading with Africa and it's discovery of a water route to India

--Wants to develop a trade network of their own, hopefully find a short cut to Asia (the round trip sea route from India was 27,000 miles!)

--Christopher Columbus​ "I know the world is round, so if I sail west instead of east—I will get to India faster.” Problem: The world was Earth was about 1/7th larger than Columbus thought. Result—He lands in the Bahamas not India, starts calling everyone “Indians.”

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Multiple Choice

Surrounded by a more powerful nation, the only way this country could expand is by establishing overseas trade and colonies. By the 1450s they were the first European country to send out explorers.

• England

• France

• Spain

• Portugal

Multiple Choice

Portuguese nobleman who built a school for navigation and sent out explorers

• Prince John of England

• King Henry of France

• King Charles of Spain

• Prince Henry of Portugal

Multiple Choice

Portugal's larger neighbor, this country wanted to find a cheaper and shorter route to India. This is why they sent Columbus out to explore in 1492.

• Netherlands

• Spain

• France

• England

​Controlling the new territories

Rather than landing in Asia, Spain realizes by 1501 (thanks to the voyages of Amerigo Vespucci) that they have "discovered" two new continents. 1519--Magellan circumnavigates the globe.

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While these lands don’t have silk and the spices Europeans wanted, they have precious metals (gold and silver) and millions of Native Americans the Spanish will use as slaves in order to mine those metals

​To harness this labor and gather these resources, the Spanish set up colonies (lands controlled at a distance by other nations) The two richest colonies were Mexico and Peru.

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Multiple Choice

Which explorer is NOT paired with his achievement?

• Amerigo Vespucci (Spain)-proves the Americas are separate continents

• Ferdinand Magellan (Spain)--First to circumnavigate the globe

• Bartolomeo Dias (Portugal) first to circumnavigate the globe

• Vasco da Gama (Portugal) first European to sail to India

Multiple Choice

By the 1530's these two colonies became Spain's richest, producing large amounts of new crops (tomatoes, potatoes, chocolate, corn, tobacco) as well as metals like gold and especially silver

• Mexico and Cuba

• Cuba and Peru

• Mexico and Peru

• Guatemala and Peru

​Early Mexican Civilizations

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​Dependent on slash and burn agriculture If it doesn’t rain= people starve “Gods don’t like them!”

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First—Olmec: Giant stone heads, pyramids, hieroglyphic writing, calendar, ball games

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Maya—Advanced astronomy, zero, high achievements in art

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Reasons for Maya collapse—Slash and Burn agriculture, deforestation, human sacrifice, infighting, drought

Multiple Choice

Which is NOT a cause for the decline of Mayan civilization?

• Religious conflict between Christians and Muslims

• Drought

• Human sacrifice

• Slash and burn agriculture

​Mexico--1519

Resources--Gold, Silver, Indian labor, cacao

Capital--Tenochtitlan​

Ruling tribe--Aztecs (population: 10 million)

King--Montezuma II ​

Conquistador--Hernan Cortes​ (with 600 soldiers)

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​Peru--1532

​Resources--Gold, Silver, Indian labor, potatoes

Capital--Cuzco

Ruling tribe--Inca​ (12 million)

King--Atahualpa

Conquistador--Francisco Pizarro (​180 men)

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Multiple Choice

Spanish conquistador who conquered the Aztec Empire in Mexico in 1521

• Hernan de Soto

• Hernan Cortes

• Francisco Orellana

• Francisco Pizarro

Multiple Choice

Spanish conquistador who conquered the Incas in Peru in 1532

• Hernan de Soto

• Hernan Cortes

• Francisco Orellana

• Francisco Pizarro

​Native Legends

​Myths

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​Mexico and Peru are so wealthy, Spanish become obsessed with finding more places like these!

Cibola—Seven legendary cities made of gold; supposedly in SW U.S. (Coronado searched for them)

El Dorado​--Legendary S American king covered in gold dust; supposedly in the Amazon area

******Didn't exist*******​

​Maybe Natives made these stories up to encourage the Spanish to keep moving

​How were the Spanish able to dominate?

--Disease

--​Weapons

--​Horses

--Native American allies (Divide and conquer)​

--Used religion against them​

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Multiple Choice

Of the advantages that allowed the Spanish to conquer the Native Americans, what was the LEAST important?

• Diseases

• Native American Allies

• Superior Weapons

• Horses

​Columbian Exchange

Transfer of goods, plants and animals from the Americas to Europe and vice versa:

What did Europe get? Tomatoes, potatoes, chocolate, chilis, squash​, corn

What did the Native Americans get? ​Horses, pigs, chicken, wheat, olives, grapes, cows, smallpox

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Multiple Choice

What is NOT true about the Columbian Exchange?

• New crops like tobacco, chocolate, tomatoes and potatoes went from the Americas to Europe

• The introduction of new animals such as sheep, pigs and cows often posed problems for Native American agriculture

• The introduction of new foods sources in both Europe and the Americas changed global cuisines

• The introduction of smallpox from the Americas into Europe led to a rapid decline in population