BDS Respiratory Year 1

Open Ended

Identify volume A and pressures, B, C and D.

Multiple Choice

Which of the following is the site of highest airway resistance?

• Trachea

• Bronchus

• Medium-sized bronchi

• Alveoli

Multiple Choice

Which of the following is true during inspiration?

• Intrapleural pressure is positive

• The volume in the lungs is less than the functional residual capacity (FRC)

• Alveolar pressure equals atmospheric pressure

• Intrapleural pressure is more negative than it is during expiration

Multiple Choice

Which of the following lung volumes or capacities can be measured by

spirometry?

• Functional residual capacity

• Residual volume

• Total lung capacity (TLC)

• Vital capacity

Multiple Choice

When a person is standing, blood flow in the lungs is

• equal at the apex and the base

• highest at the apex owing to the effects of gravity on arterial pressure

• highest at the base because that is where the difference between arterial and

  venous pressure is greatest

• lowest at the base because that is where alveolar pressure is greater than

  arterial pressure

Open Ended

Label volume (1) to (8)

Multiple Choice

Which volume remains in the lungs after a tidal volume (VT) is expired?

• Residual volume

• Expiratory reserve volume

• Total lung capacity

• Functional residual capacity

Open Ended

State the atmospheric O₂ (1) vs CO₂ (2);

Alveolar O₂ (3) vs CO₂ (4);

arterial O₂ (5) vs CO₂ (6);

venous O₂ (7) vs CO₂ (8);

capillary O₂ (9) vs CO₂ (10)

Gravitational effects on lungs

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Multiple Choice

A 49-year-old man has a pulmonary embolism that completely blocks

blood flow to his left lung. As a result, which of the following will occur?

• Ventilation/perfusion (V/Q) ratio in the left lung will be zero

• Systemic arterial PO2 will be increased.

• V/Q ratio in the left lung will be lower than in the right lung

• Alveolar PCO₂ will be decreased

Multiple Choice

In the hemoglobin–O2 dissociation curves shown on the left, the shift from

curve A to curve B could be caused by

• increased pH

• decreased 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (DPG) concentration

• strenuous exercise

• carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning

Multiple Choice

A 38-year-old woman moves with her family from New York City (sea

level) to Leadville, Colorado (10,200 feet above sea level). Which of the

following will occur as a result of residing at high altitude?

• Hypoventilation

• Arterial PO2 greater than 100 mm Hg

• Pulmonary vasodilation

• Respiratory alkalosis

D_LO₂ factors in

(i) thickness of membrane, (ii) surface area for diffusion

(iii) solubility

(iv) molecular weight of O₂

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The diffusing capacity of oxygen is the volume of O₂ (VO₂) transferred per unit time for every unit mmHg of the partial pressure gradient of O₂

​Diffusion Capacity of Oxygen

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​How is the diffusion capacity of oxygen affected in pneumonia/pulmonary oedema?

Multiple Choice

Hypoxemia produces hyperventilation by a direct effect on the

• carotid and aortic body chemoreceptors

• lung stretch receptors

• medullary chemoreceptors

• baroreceptors

Hypoxemia vs Hypoxia

​Regulation of Respiration​​