Science 4 2nd Qtr Exam Reviewer (Part 1)

Physical Change

-the change in the appearance like shape and form of a material without changing

SQUASHING- a collective term used to describe cutting, chopping, squeezing, folding, pressing, hammering, smashing, and tearing. This is a process that makes a material change its shape, size, and/or form. ​

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MALLEABILITY- the ability of matter to be hammered and to be formed into thin sheets or any desired shapes without breaking the material.

STRETCHING- is a change in length when materials are made longer than the original size when a tension is applied.

SHEARING- compressing is a change in length when​ a material is made shorter after applying compressive force.

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CHEMICAL CHANGE

-when the composition of the original material is changed to a new material.

EXAMPLES OF CHEMICAL CHANGE:

1. burning a piece of paper (ash)

2. heat sugar in ​a pan

3. leave a piece of iron metal exposed in the air

4. leave a food on the table​

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CHANGES IN PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OCCUR IN SOME MATERIALS WHEN EXPOSED TO CERTAIN CONDITION​

SIMMERING- is the process in which a liquid starts to change into gas.

VAPORIZATION- the amount of heat in the water increases until all the liquid becomes gas or water vapor.

EVAPORATION- the process of changing phase from liquid to gas.​

MELTING- is the phase change from solid to liquid when heat is absorbed.​

FREEZING- is the phase change from liquid to solid when put in the freezer.​

SUBLIMATION- it can change directly to gas without undergoing the liquid phase during a sudden change of temperature.​

CONDENSATION- is the process of water vapor turning back into liquid water​

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Air Pollutants are substances found in the air in an amount that can endager life and can badly affect the nonliving environment.​

Particulates include dust, soot, and lead participles.

Toxic gases include carbon monoxide, oxides of sulfur, nitrogen, and hydrocarbons.

Carbon Monoxide is a by-product of burning fuel. It is a poisonous gas formed when burning occurs with a small amount of oxygen.

Oxides of sulfur and nitrogen gases can cause difficulty in breathing, fading of paints, and damaging of crops.​

Land pollution causes soil to be poor. Poor quality soil could cause low-grade crops. If the land becomes extremely polluted, it becomes inhabitable to almost all living things.​

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​The common water pollutants are oil, decaying matter, plastics, and other solid materials that are thrown into the rivers, seas, and oceans.​

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Multiple Choice

Students observed a piece of iron change from shiny to rusty. What caused this change?

• a chemical reaction

• a heat reaction

• a cold reaction

• a physical reaction

Multiple Choice

Which is the best example of a new substance forming?

• lighting a match

• cutting a piece of paper

• popping a balloon

• hitting a nail with a hammer

Multiple Choice

Which is an example of a different substance being formed?

• glass breaking

• metal melting

• water freezing

• wood burning

Multiple Choice

Boiling Water

• Physical Change

• Chemical Change

Multiple Choice

Dissolving Sugar

• Physical Change

• Chemical Change

Multiple Choice

A Candle Burning

• Physical Change

• Chemical Change

Multiple Choice

Nail Rusting

• Physical Change

• Chemical Change

Multiple Choice

A chemical change is a change in

• an item's properties such as size, shape, density

• an item that creates a new substance, releases light or heat

• an item's sound

• an item's look or state of matter

Multiple Choice

A physical change is a change

• in an item's properties like its shape, size or density.

• that creates a new substance or emits light or heat

• that creates a smell

• that cannot be undone

The Brain

The brain is one of the most important organs in the human body and is responsible for major actions performed by the body. The brain is the one that allows you to think and make control of the other body parts. The brain is divided into four major lobes and each lobe performs specific functions.

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Multiple Choice

The ____ is responsible for major actions performed by the body.

• lungs

• brain

• heart

• liver

Multiple Choice

The brain allows you to _____ and make control of the other body parts.

• see

• smell

• think

• touch

Multiple Choice

back of the brain, behind the parietal lobe and the temporal lobe

• Occipital lobe

• Frontal lobe

• Parietal lobe

• Temporal lobe

Multiple Choice

below the parietal lobe

• Occipital lobe

• Frontal lobe

• Parietal lobe

• Temporal lobe

Multiple Choice

topmost part of the brain

• Occipital lobe

• Frontal lobe

• Parietal lobe

• Temporal lobe

Multiple Choice

responsible for many aspects of vision (seeing)

• Occipital lobe

• Frontal lobe

• Parietal lobe

• Temporal lobe

Multiple Choice

responsible for the perception and recognition of auditory stimuli and memory

• Occipital lobe

• Frontal lobe

• Parietal lobe

• Temporal lobe

Multiple Choice

responsible for the perception and recognition of auditory stimuli and memory

• Occipital lobe

• Frontal lobe

• Parietal lobe

• Temporal lobe

Multiple Choice

front part of the brain

• Occipital lobe

• Frontal lobe

• Parietal lobe

• Temporal lobe

Multiple Choice

• Occipital lobe

• Frontal lobe

• Parietal lobe

• Temporal lobe

Multiple Choice

• Occipital lobe

• Frontal lobe

• Parietal lobe

• Temporal lobe

Multiple Choice

• Occipital lobe

• Frontal lobe

• Parietal lobe

• Temporal lobe

Multiple Choice

• Occipital lobe

• Frontal lobe

• Parietal lobe

• Temporal lobe

The Heart

Heart- Location: hollow, muscular, organ located in the chest cavity between the lungs. Functions: to pump blood through the blood vessels

*The blood needs to circulate in order to put oxygen into the blood and take the carbon dioxide out from the body.

*The heart is surrounded by a fluid-filled sac called PERICARDIUM.​

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The Heart

OXYGENATED BLOOD- blood with oxygen

UNOXYGENATED BLOOD- blood without oxygen

AORTA- the major artery of the body

VENA CAVA- the major veins of the body​

*oxygenated blood is pumped away from the heart through the arteries and returns to the heart without oxygen​

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Chambers of the Heart​

The heart is divided into two halves by the SEPTUM.

UPPER TWO CHAMBERS- atria (it receive blood from the different parts of the body and lungs)

TWO LOWER CHAMBERS- ventricles (pump blood from the heart toward the different parts of the body and lungs)

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The Heart Wall

The heart is lined with a connective tissue called ENDOTHELIUM OR ENDOCARDIUM (allows the heart to contract and beat)

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The Heart​

CARDIACL CYCLE- sequence of heartbeat occur

TWO MAJOR PHASES

Diastole- the atria and ventricles are relaxed as the blood flows into the atria and ventricles

Systole- the ventricles contract, sending blood to the rest of the body

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Multiple Choice

to pump blood through the blood vessels

• brain

• heart

• liver

• lungs

Multiple Choice

fluid-filled sac that surrounded the heart

• pericardium

• aorta

• vena cava

• septum

Multiple Choice

the major veins of the body

• pericardium

• aorta

• vena cava

• septum

Multiple Choice

upper and lower chambers

• pericardium

• aorta

• vena cava

• septum

Multiple Choice

the major artery of the blood

• pericardium

• aorta

• vena cava

• septum

Multiple Choice

pump blood from the heart toward the different parts of the body and lungs

• atria

• ventricles

Multiple Choice

receive blood from the different parts of the body and lungs

• atria

• ventricles

Multiple Choice

upper two chambers

• atria

• ventricles

Multiple Choice

two lower chambers

• atria

• ventricles

Multiple Choice

allows the heart to contract and beat

• endothelium or endocardium

• pericardium

• epicardium

• myrocardium

• endocardium

Multiple Choice

inner layer of the heart that is within the inner lining of blood vessels

• endothelium or endocardium

• pericardium

• epicardium

• myrocardium

• endocardium

Multiple Choice

outer protective layer of the heart

• endothelium or endocardium

• pericardium

• epicardium

• myrocardium

• endocardium

Multiple Choice

the atria and ventricles are relaxed as the blood flows into the atria and ventricles

• diastole

• systole

Multiple Choice

the ventricles contract, sending blood to the rest of the body

• diastole

• systole

Multiple Choice

the ventricles contract, sending blood to the rest of the body

• diastole

• systole

​

The Lungs

Our chest contains a pair of lungs, which are made up of sections called LOBES.

Location: left and right side (*because lungs are soft they are protected by the RIBCAGE)

Functions: combine oxygen with the blood and to separate carbon dioxide from the blood​

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The Lungs

DIAPHRAGM- Location: under the lungs and it separates the lungs from the other internal organs Functions: largest muscle/ most efficient for breathing

INHALATION or INSPIRATION- the diaphragm flattens or moves downward

EXHALATION or EXPIRATION- the diaphragm relaxes​

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Multiple Choice

eft and right side (*because lungs are soft they are protected by the RIBCAGE)

• brain

• heart

• lungs

• liver

Multiple Choice

under the lungs and it separates the lungs from the other internal organs

• ribcage

• diaphragm

• inhalation

• exhalation

Multiple Choice

combine oxygen with the blood and to separate carbon dioxide from the blood

• brain

• heart

• lungs

• liver

Multiple Choice

largest muscle/ most efficient for breathing

• brain

• heart

• lungs

• liver

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The Liver

The Liver Makes Bile- the liver secretes a digestive juice called BILE. BILE is a thick yellow substance stored in the gallbladder. Functions: digest fats

The Liver Store Glycogen- ​most carbohydrates are broken down by the digestive system into the simplest form called GLUCOSE (main source of energy)/ glucose stored in the liver is commonly called GLYCOGEN

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Multiple Choice

filtering machine of the body/ remove toxins from the blood/ to break down excess protein (amino acid)/ maintain cholesterol and glucose (sugar) levels/ secrete chemical substances

• brain

• heart

• lungs

• liver

Multiple Choice

a thick yellow substance stored in the gallbladder

• atria

• ventricles

• glycogen

• bile

Multiple Choice

most carbohydrates are broken down by the digestive system into the simplest form called _____

• glycogen

• glucose

• atria

• ventricles

Multiple Choice

glucose stored in the liver is commonly called ______

• atria

• ventricles

• glycogen

• bile

​The Stomach

Stomach is an elastic, large, muscular, pear-shaped, and multi-chambered organ located crosswise in the abdominal cavity beneath the diaphragm.

FUNCTION: digestion of food (it produces gastric juices containing the enzymes that break down the food)

Chyme- is the churning action mixes the food, and changing it into a thick liquid​

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​Stomach

Peristalsis is the movement produced when ​muscles of the digestive tract relax and contract in the digestive tract.

Pepsin- the stomach secretes hydrochloric acid and enzymes

Bacteria present in the food materials are also killed in the stomach.

Digestion in the stomach usually takes two to three hours before it passes through an opening leaning to the small intestine.​

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Multiple Choice

Which of the following organs of the human body is an elastic, large, muscular, pear shaped bag with a multi chambered organ located crosswise in the abdominal cavity beneath the diaphragm?

• Heart

• Kidney

• Liver

• Stomach

Multiple Choice

Which of the following is an enzyme in gastric juices that break down proteins?

• Pepsin

• Peristalsis

• Bile

• Fats

Multiple Select

During the digestion process, your body takes in the food you eat and extracts everything your body needs.

• True

• False

Multiple Select

Stomach produces gastric juices that break down, mix, and churn food being taken to become thin liquid.

• True

• False

Multiple Select

Digestion in the stomach usually takes from 6 to 8 hours before it passes through an opening leading to the small intestines.

• True

• False

Multiple Select

During the digestion process, the blood has just been enriched with vitamins and minerals and is cleansed by the STOMACH.

• True

• False