6.3 Nervous System Cont. 22-23

6.3 Continued Nervous System

by Stacy King

​Cerebrum Gross Anatomy

• ​Frontal Lobe

  • ​planning, foresight, mood, social judgement

• ​Parietal Lobe

  • ​integration of general sensory input

• ​Occipital Lobe

  • ​visual sensory input

• ​Temporal lobe

  • ​hearing, smell, memory, learning

​Cerebral Cortex and Neocortex

• ​Basal nuclei

  • Dense Nuclei (soma bodies)

• Integration pathways

  • ​Neurons are arranged in up to 6 layers

  • "​New" (evolutionarily speaking)

​Cerebral Cortex (grey matter)

• Gyri

  • ​ridges

• ​Sulci

  • ​valleys

• The more Wrinkles the smarter the individual

• ​Divided into Hemispheres

  • ​medial Longitudinal Fissure

• ​Corpus collosum

  • ​large bundle of fibers that connects the left and right hemispheres,

​Sleep

• ​Circadian Rhythms

  • ​stage 1:

    • drowsy small alpha

  • ​stage 2:

    • light sleep​ theta

  • ​stage 3 and stage 4:

    • ​moderate to deep sleep delta

  • ​REM

    • ​backtrack to lighter sleep small alpha

    • ​rapid eye movement

​Cognition

• ​Least understood scientifically

  • ​association areas

    • ​integrated functions widely distributed over the cerebral cortex

  • ​lesions and functional association

    • ​parietal- object neglect

    • ​temporal- object recognition

    • ​frontal- personality

​Memory

• ​learning, storage, and retrieval

  • Limbic system (particularly hippocampus and hypothalamus)

    • ​organizes sensory and cognitive experiences into long term ​"teaching the cerebral cortex" memory consolidation​

​Emotion

• ​Prefrontal cortex (frontal lobe)

  • ​judgment, intent, control of emotional expression

• ​Amygdala and hypothalamus

  • ​emotional response from stimuli

    • ​fear

  • ​reward and punishment

​Senses

• ​Primary sensory cortexes

  • ​primary visual cortex

  • ​auditory cortex

  • ​primary gustatory cortex

  • ​Somatosensory Cortex

    • ​touch

    • ​pressure

    • ​stretch

    • ​movement

    • ​heat and cold

    • ​pain

Motor Cortex

• ​Premotor Cortex

  • ​planned movement

    • ​dancing, typing, speaking

• ​Motor Cortex

  • ​initiation of muscle contractions

• ​Cerebellum

  • ​repetitive learned muscle coordinated movements

​Language

• ​Wernicke area

  • ​recognition of written or spoken word

    • ​phrase formulation

• ​Broca area

  • ​generates motor program and sends to motor cortex

• ​emotional language (mirrors hemisphere)

  • ​affective area (opposite Broca)

    • ​inflection

  • Opposite Wernicke

    • ​emotional content

​Visual Perception

​Occipital Lobe visual cortex

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Dorsal- object Identification

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Ventral- memory and object location

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Poll

What are these?

• Ducks

• Pigeons

• Chairs

• Turkeys

​Cerebrospinal Fluid

​Similar to blood plasma composition

• Formed by the choroid plexus

Forms a watery cushion to protect the brain

• Bathes the brain in nutrients and removes waste

• Circulates in the arachnoid space, ventricles, and central canal of the spinal cord

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