Chemistry Essentials Review

Multiple Select

Which particles have approximately the same size and mass?

• Protons

• Neutrons

• Electrons

• Atoms

Multiple Select

The nucleus of an atom contains which subatomic particles? (Choose 2)

• Protons

• Neutrons

• Electrons

• Protons, Neutrons, and Electrons

Multiple Choice

How many electrons does this atom have?

• 2

• 4

• 6

• 10

Multiple Choice

Where is most of the mass in an atom located?

• in the nucleus

• in the protons

• in the neutrons

• in the electrons

Multiple Choice

How many Subatomic Particles are there in an atom?

• 1

• 2

• 3

Atoms, Elements, Molecules, Compounds

Multiple Choice

Which substance is a compound?

• Neon (Ne)

• Oxygen (O₂)

• Carbon Dioxide (CO₂)

• Nitrogen (N₂)

Multiple Choice

Which substance is not an element?

• Neon (Ne)

• Oxygen (O₂)

• Carbon dioxide (CO₂)

• Iron (Fe)

Multiple Choice

Is Sodium (Na) an element or a compound?

• Element

• Compound

Multiple Choice

Is Iron (Fe) an atom or a molecule?

• Atom

• Molecule

Multiple Choice

Is Chlorine (Cl₂) an atom or a molecule?

• Atom

• Molecule

Ionic Bonding

Chemical bonding

An attraction between atoms that allows the
formation of substances with two or more atoms.

Atom

The smallest unit of matter that forms a chemical
element.

Types of chemical bonding

Ionic bonding

Covalent bonding

Metallic bonding

Ionic bonding
The transferring of valence electrons to create oppositely
charged ions that are attracted to each other.

The atom that is a metal will always donate to the atom
that is a nonmetal.

Valence electrons

Electrons on the outermost energy level.. “Ring”

Ions

an atom with a positive or
negative charge due to the
loss or gain of electrons.

Ionic bonding

The transferring of valence electrons to create oppositely
charged ions that are attracted to each other.

Ionic bonding

Atoms either want to fill or “unload” their outer ring.

“Unload” - Sodium

“Fill” - Chloride

Ionic bonding of Sodium Chloride

Multiple Choice

What is the basis of ionic bonding?

• share electrons

• transfer electrons

Multiple Choice

A charged particle that has gained or lost electrons is called a _____.

• molecule

• ion

• isotope

• element

Sharing is Caring!

C3.5 - Covalent Bonding

​Sharing instead of Transferring

Nonmetals share electrons instead of pulling electrons because they have relatively small electronegativity differences and have similar affinities to electrons.

Compounds are made of two or more atoms of different elements.

• Atoms can be bonded ionically (charge) or covalently (by sharing electrons)

• ​"All compounds are molecules but not all molecules are compounds"

Covalent compounds have a MOLECULAR FORMULA.

• Shows the types and numbers of atoms in a single molecule of a molecular compound (a covalent substance).

• "Molecular Compound" = "Covalent Compound"

Covalent bonds form from shared electrons.

• Atoms have lower potential energy when bonded (more stability

Atoms tend to form bonds to follow the octet rule.

• A "full outer shell" means more stability/lower potential energy.

• H and He are exceptions to the octet rule.

Valence electrons are involved in bonding.

• The group number can tell you how many valence electrons an atom has.

• Groups 1 and 2 have "1" and "2" e^- respectively.

• Group 13 has "3",, group 14 has "4", and so on through group 18...

Dots are used to represent valence electrons in an electron-dot notation.

• Each dot represents an electron.

• A total of 4 PAIRS of electrons shows an octet

Lewis structures show atoms as they are bonded to each other.

• Dots are unpaired electrons

• Dashes are a shared pair of electrons

• Single bonds = 1 line = 1 PAIR of electrons

• Multiple bonds = more than 1 line

Multiple Choice

What two types of atoms make a covalent bond?

• 2 non-metals

• 1 metal and 1 non-metal

• 2 metals

Multiple Choice

What type of bond involves the sharing of electrons between atoms?

• covalent bond

• ionic bond

• metallic bond

• transfer bond

Multiple Choice

Identify the following compound as ionic or covalent: SO₂

• ionic

• covalent

Bohr Models

Multiple Choice

What is a valence electron?

• Electrons in the first energy shell

• Electrons in the second energy shell

• Electrons in the outer shell

• Total number of electrons

Multiple Choice

Which element is this?

• Nickel

• Neon

• Sodium

• Nitrogen