SENSATION, PERCEPTION, CONSCIOUSNESS

/paradoxical sleep

SLEEP

ACTIVATION SYNTHESIS THEORY

• DREAMS HAVE NO REAL PURPOSE & IS JUST RANDOM NEURAL ACTIVITY

REM REBOUND

• SLEEP DEPRIVATION, LESS AMOUNT OF SLEEP

INSOMNIA

• INABILITY TO FALL ASLEEP

NARCOLEPSY

• FALLING ASLEEP ANY TIME ESPECIALLY AT THE WRONG TIME OF DAY

• CATAPLEXY - SUDDEN LOSS OF MUSCLE TONE

PARASOMNIAS

• ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR DURING SLEEP, AFTERWARDS OR BEFORE SLEEP. EX SLEEPWALKING, NIGHT TERRORS, SLEEP PARALYSIS

THE BRAIN'S INTERNAL CLOCK

• MELATONIN PRODUCED AT NIGHT = SLEEP

• CORTISOL PRODUCED DURING THE DAY= AWAKE

​SUPERCHIASMATIC NUCLEUS

-THE BODY'S NATURAL SLEEP WAKE CYCLE

​CIRCADIAN RHYTHMS

SLEEP

​BARBITURATES [TRANQUILIZERS] ARE ANOTHER NAME FOR DEPRESSANTS

​WEBER'S LAW-TWO THINGS MUST DIFFER IN CONSTANT PROPORTION

VISUAL SENSATION

• WHEN KIDS GO OUTSIDE AND ITS SUNNY, THE LIGHT PASSES THROUGH THEIR EYES AND ACTIVATE THE PHOTORECEPTORS

• CORNEA - LIGHT PASSES THROUGH & IT REFRACTS/FOCUSES ON PUPIL

• PUPIL - AN OPENING TO LET THE LIGHT IN

• LENS - FINE TUNES THE REFRACTION ANGLE SO IT LANDS ON THE RETINA

• RETINA - A SHEET OF PHOTORECEPTORS IN THE BACK OF THE EYE

• CILIARY MUSCLES - STRETCHES/PULLS THE LENS

• OPTIC NERVE - GANGLION CELLS TWISTED TOGETHER

• OPTIC CHIASM - EACH EYE'S OPTIC NERVES CROSS OVER AND SEND SIGNALS TO BRAIN

​PHOTORECEPTORS

POSSESS RETINAL & OPSIN

• IN DEFAULT DARK STATE, RETINAL IS IN CIS FORMATION. KEEPS Na+ CHANNEL OPEN & CELL DEPOLARIZE AT REST

• DEPOLARIZED CELL RELEASE GLUTAMATE ONTO BIPOLAR CELLS

• INHIBITS BIPOLAR CELLS , REDUCES GANGLION FIRING

PHOTOTRANSDUCTION : THE CONVERSION OF LIGHT TO ELECTRICAL SIGNALS

• RETINAL --> TRANS FORMATION. Na+ CHANNEL CLOSE & CELL HYPERPOLARIZE = STOP RELEASE OF GLUTAMATE FROM PHOTORECEPTOR

• DOWNSTREAM ON BIPOLAR CELLS EXCITE GANGLION CELLS

• THIS CREATES AN ACTION POTENTIAL IN THE OPTIC NERVE

​BARORECEPTORS

(CHANGES IN PRESSURE)

​CHEMORECEPTORS

ON TASTE BUDS AND OLFACTORY (SMELLING) PATHWAY

OLFACTORY RECEPTORS

• FOUND IN NASAL CAVITY

• HAS G-PROTEIN COUPLED RECEPTORS

• OLFACTORY BULB : WHERE SIGNALS ARE PROCESSED & PERCEIVED

Subject | Subject

-THE STIMULI BECOMES LESS NOTICEABLE

EX. 1ST TIME SMELLING LOUD PERFUME, THEM OVER TIME YOU DON'T SMELL IT LIKE THAT

​SENSORY ADAPTATION

-YOUR BODY DESENZITIZE YOU FROM FEELING A STIMULUS.

EX. DOCTOR KEEP RUBBING IODINE ON SKIN TO DECREASE THE PAIN RESPONSE

DESENSITIZATION

PERCEPTION

MONOCULAR & BINOCULAR CUES

• YOU CAN SEE W/ 1 OR 2 EYES

​CUES

DIFFERENT PARTS OF THE BRAIN ARE ACTIVATED WHEN IT SEES DIFFERENT IMAGES OF SOMETHING

• PARALLEL PROCESSING

  • TASKS PERFORMED SIMUTANEOUSLY

FEATURE DETECTION THEORY

VISUAL PROCESSING

​MONOCULAR CUES

• Relative size & height of objects

• Interposition: in which one object blocks another

• Relative clarity: in which a more distant object appears blurry

• Relative motion: in which a more distant object moves more slowly

• Parallel lines converging

• Light & shadow

​BINOCULAR CUES

• Retinal disparity: in which a greater difference between the two retinal images means the object is closer

• Convergence: in which the eyes facing at a more inward angle indicates the object is closer

​PARALLAX

• OBJECTS APPEAR TO BE AT DIFFERENT ANGELS BASED ON WHERE THE PERSON IS LOCATED

​GESTALT PRINCIPLES: THE WHOLE IS GREATER THAN THE SUM OF ALL ITS PARTS

​PROPRIOCEPTION (KINESTHESIA)

• THE BODY IS ABLE TO SENSE BODILY POSITIONS & LOCATE BODY PARTS BASED OFF MOVEMENT.