Revolution and Enlightenment Part 3.2

Revolution and Enlightenment

The Impact of the Enlightenment Part 2

The Seven Years’ War

• The stage was set for the Seven Years’ War, in 1740, a major was broke out in

connection with the succession to the Austrian throne.

• Austrian Succession

• When the Austrian emperor Charles VI died without a male heir, his daughter,

Maria Theresa, succeeded him.

• King Frederick II of Prussia took advantage of the confusion surrounding the

succession of a woman to the throne by invading Austrian Silesia.
• By thus action, Frederick clearly stated that he did recognize the legitimacy of the empress

of Austria.
•France then entered the war against Austria, its traditional enemy.
• In turn, Maria Theresa allied with Great Britain.

• The War of the Austrian Succession (1740 to 1748) was fought in three areas of

the world.

• In Europe, Prussia seized Silesia while France occupied the Austrian Netherlands.

• In Asia, France took Madras(today called Chennai) in India from the British.

•In North America, the British captured the French fortress of Louisbourg at the entrance to the St.
Lawrence River.

Multiple Choice

What is the name of the war that broke out due to the succession to the Austrian throne?

• World War I

• World War II

• Seven Years' War

• Civil War

The Seven Years’ War

• Austrian Succession Cont.

• After seven years of wartime, all parties were exhausted and agreed to the

Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle in 1748.

• This treaty guaranteed the return of all occupied territories except Silesia to their

original owners.
• Prussia’s refusal to return Silesia meant yet another war between Prussia and Austria.

• Maria Theresa refused to accept the loss of Silesia.

• She rebuilt her army while working diplomatically to separate Prussia from its chief

ally, France.
• In 1756, he hopes were realized when a diplomatic revolution reversed two longstanding

alliances.

• The War in Europe

• French-Austrian rivalry had been a fact of European diplomacy since the late

sixteenth century.

• However, two new rivalries now replaced the old one: the rivalry of Britain and

France over colonial empires and the rivalry of Austria and Prussia over Silesia.

Multiple Choice

Who refused to accept the loss of Silesia?

• Maria Theresa

• Catherine the Great

• Joan of Arc

• Elizabeth I

The Seven Years’ War

• The War in Europe Cont.

• France abandoned Prussia and allied with Austria.

• Russia, which saw Prussia as a major threat to Russian goals in central Europe, joined

the new alliance with France and Austria.
• In turn, Britain allied with Prussia.

•This diplomatic revolution of 1756 led to another worldwide war.
• The war had three major areas of conflict: Europe, India, and North America.

• Europe witnessed the clash of the two major alliances: the British and

Prussians against the Austrians, Russians, and French.

• Frederick the Great of Prussia was admired as a great tactical genius.

• His super army and military skill enabled Frederick to defeat the Austrian, French, and

Russian armies for a time.
•His forces were under attack from three different directions, however, and were gradually worn down.

• Frederick faced disaster until Peter III, a new Russian czar who greatly admired

Frederick, withdrew Russian troops from the conflict and from the Prussian
lands that the Russians had occupied.

• This withdrawal created a stalemate and led to the desire for peace.

• The European war ended in 1763.

•All occupied territories were returned to their original owners, except Silesia.
• Austria officially recognized Prussia’s permanent control of Silesia.

Multiple Select

Which THREE countries did the British and Prussians go up against?

• Austria

• Russia

• France

• Spain

The Seven Years’ War

• The War in India

• The struggle between Britain and France that took place in the rest of the world

had more decisive results.

• Known as the Great War for Empire, it was fought in India and North America.

• The French had returned Madras to Britain after the War of the Austrian Succession, but

the struggle in India continued.
•The British ultimately won out, not because they had better forces but because they were more
persistent.
• With the Treaty of Paris in 1763, the French withdrew and left India to the British.

• The War in North America

• The greatest conflicts of the Seven Years’ War took place in North America.

• On the North Americancontinent, the French and British colonies were set up

differently.
• The French government administered French North America(Canada and Louisiana) as a

vast trading area.
•It was valuable for its French state was unable to get people to move to North America, its colonies
thinly populated.

Multiple Choice

Where did the greatest conflicts of the Seven Years' War take place?

• Europe

• Africa

• Asia

• North America

The Seven Years’ War

• The War in North America Cont.

• British North America consisted of thirteen prosperous colonies on the eastern

coast of what is now the United States.

• Unlike the French colonies, the British colonies were more populated, containing

more than one million people by 1750.

• The British and French fought over two main areas in North America.

• One consisted of the waterways of the Gulf of St. Lawrence, which were protected

by the fortress of Louisbourg and by forts that guarded French Quebec.
• The other area they fought over was the unsettled Ohio River valley.

•This French activity threatened to cut off the British settlers in the thirteen colonies from expanding
into this vast area.
• The French were able to gain the supper of the Native Americans who lived there.

• As traders and non settlers, the French were viewed by Native Americans with less hostility than

the British.

• The French scored a number of victories, at first.

• British fortunes were revived, however, by the efforts of William Pitt the Elder,

Britain’s prime minister.
• Pitt was convinced that the French colonial empire would have to be destroyed for Britain to

create its own colonial empire.

Multiple Select

What were the TWO main areas that the British and French fought over in North America?

• Great Lakes

• Gulf of St. Lawrence

• Ohio River Valley

• Gulf of Mexico

The Seven Years’ War

• The War in North America Cont.

• Pitt’s policy focused on doing little in the European theater of war while putting

resources into the colonial war, especially through the use of the British navy.

• The French had more troops in North America but not enough naval support.

• The defeat of French fleets in major naval battles gave the British an advantage.

•Without their fleets, the French could not easily reinforce their forts.

• A series of British victories soon followed.

• In 1759, British forces under General Wolfe defeated the French under General

Montcalm on the Plains of Abraham, outside Quebec.
• The British went on to seize Montreal, the Great Lakes area, and the Ohio Rivers Valley.

•The French were forced to make peace.

• By the Treaty of Paris, the French transferred Canada and the lands east of the

Mississippi to England.

• Spain, ally of the French, transferred Spanish Florida to British control.

• In return, the French gave their Louisiana territory to the Spanish.

•By 1763, Great Britain had become the world’s greatest colonial power.

Multiple Choice

In the Treaty of Paris, who did France transfer Canada and the lands east of Mississippi to?

• Spain

• Portugal

• Germany

• England

Enlightenment and Arts
• The ideas of the Enlightenment also had an impact on the world of culture.

• Eighteenth-century Europe witnessed both traditional practices and important

changes in art, music, and literature.

• Architecture and Art

• The palace of Louis XIV at Versailles, in France, had made an enormous impact

on Europe.

• The Austrian emperor, the Swedish king, and other European rulers also built grand

residence.
• These palaces were modeled more on the Italian baroque style of the 1500s and 1600s than

on the late seventeenth century French classical style of Versailles.
•Thus, a unique architectural style was created.
• Architects might choose traditional, classical, or any combination, but usually on a grand scale.

• One of the greatest architects of the eighteenth century was Balthasar

Neumann.

• Neumann’s two masterpieces are the Church of the Fourteen Saints in southern

Germany and the Residence, the palace of the prince bishop of Wurzburg.
• In these buildings, secular and spiritual become one, as lavish and fanciful ornament, light,

bright colors, and elaborate detail greet the visitor.
•Inside the church, a pilgrim in search of holiness is struck by the incredible richness of detail.

Multiple Select

Eighteenth century Europe witnessed important changes in what THREE areas?

• Religion

• Art

• Music

• Literature

Balthasar Neumann

Enlightenment and Arts

• Architecture and Art Cont.

• The baroquestyle, which stressed grandeur and power, rococo emphasized

grace, charm, and gentle action.

• Rococo made use of delicate designs colored in gold with graceful curves.

• The rococo style was highly secular.

•Its lightness and charm spoke of the pleasure, happiness, and love.

• Rococo’s appeal is evident in the work Antoine Watteau.

• In his paintings, gentlemen and ladies in elegant dress reveal a world of upper-class

pleasure and joy.
• Underneath that exterior, however, is an element of sadness.

•The artist suggests such sadness in his paintings by depicting the fragility and passing nature of
pleasure, love, and life.
• One of his masterpieces, the Embarkation for Cythera, shows French rococo at its peak.

• Another aspect of rococo was a sense of enchantment and enthusiasm,

especially evident in the work of Giovanni Battista Tiepolo.

• He brought frescopainting to new heights of dramatic effect with numerous active

figures that are ranged in vivid pastels across vast, airy spaces.

Multiple Select

The Rocco style of art emphasized what THREE things?

• Grace

• Color

• Charm

• Gentle Action

Antoine Watteau

Enlightenment and Arts

• Architecture and Art Cont.

• Many of Tiepolo’s paintings came to adorn the walls and ceilings of churches

and palaces.

• His masterpieces, Allegory of the Planets and Continents, adorns the ceiling of the

bishop’s residence at Wurzburg.
• This painting is the largest ceiling fresco in the world at 7,287 square feet.

• Music

• Eighteenth century Europe produced some of the world’s most enduring music.

• In the first half of the century, two composers-Johann Sebastian Bach and George

Frederic Handel-stand out as musical geniuses.

• Bach, a renowned organist as well as a composer, spent his entire in Germany.

• While he was music director at the Church of Saint Thomas in Leipzig, he composed

his Mass in B Minor and other works that gave him the reputation of being one of
the greatest composers of all time.

Multiple Choice

Who was a renown organist and composer who spent his entire life in Germany?

• Beethoven

• Handel

• Bach

• Mozart

Giovanni Battista Tiepolo

Enlightenment and Arts

• Music Cont.

• Handel was a German who spent much of his career in England.

• He is probably best known for his religious music.

• Handel’s Messiah had been called a rare work that appeals immediately to everyone and yet

is a masterpiece of the highest order.

• Bach and Hansel perfected the baroque musical style.

• Two geniuses of the second half of the eighteenth century, Franz Joseph Haydn and

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, were innovators who wrote music called classical rather
than baroque.

• Haydn spent most of his adult life as musical director for wealthyHungarian

princes.

• Visits to England introduced him to a world where musicians wrote for public

concerts rather than princely patrons.
• This “liberty”, as he called it, led him to write two great works, The Creation and The

Seasons.

• Mozart was truly a child prodigy.

• His failure to get a regular patron to support him financially made his life miserable.

• Nevertheless, he wrote music passionately.

•His works The Marriage of Figaro, The Magic Flute, and Don Giovanni are three of the world’s
greatest operas.
• Haydn remarked to Mozart’s father, “Your son is the greatest composer known to me.”

Multiple Select

Which TWO composers perfected the baroque musical style?

• Bach

• Haydn

• Mozart

• Hansel

Enlightenment and Arts

• Literature

• In the eighteenth century, Europeannovelists began to choose realistic social

themes over the past century’s focus on heroic deeds and the supernatural.

• Novels were especially attractive to a growing number of middle-class readers.

• The English writer Henry Fielding wrote novels about people without morals

who survive by their wits.

• Fielding’s best-known work is The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling, which describes

the adventures of a young scoundrel.
• In a number of hilarious episodes, Fielding presents scenes of Englishlife from the slums of

London to the country houses of the English aristocracy.
•His characters reflect real types in eighteenth-century English society.

Multiple Choice

What is the name of the writer that presented scenes of English life from the slums of London?

• Fielding

• London

• Locke

• Vern