Central Ideas/ Inference

Reading Entry/1st lesson

Central ideas/details

There are many different types of reading questions relating to the ideas and details discussed in the paragraph. From determining what the main idea is, to what someone did.

​In 2007, computer scientist Luis von Ahn was working on converting printed books into a digital format. He found that some words were distorted enough that digital scanners couldn’t recognize them, but most humans could easily read them. Based on that finding, von Ahn invented a simple security test to keep automated “bots” out of websites. The first version of the reCAPTCHA test asked users to type one known word and one of the many words scanners couldn’t recognize. Correct answers proved the users were humans and added data to the book-digitizing project.

Which choice best states the main purpose of the text?

A. To discuss von Ahn’s invention of reCAPTCHA

​B. To explain how digital scanners work

​C. To call attention to von Ahn’s book-digitizing project

​D. To indicate how popular reCAPTCHA is

Tips

• Look for Clues e.g. from the answers/ keywords.

• Eliminate obvious wrong choices

• Summarize for yourself.

​Thou, with stroke of mighty pen,
Hast told of joy and mirth,
And read the hearts and souls of men
As cradled from their birth.
The language of the flowers,
Thou hast read them all,
And e’en the little brook
Responded to thy call.

​Which choice best states the main purpose of the
text?

• To praise a certain writer for being especially perceptive regarding people and nature

• To establish that a certain writer has read extensively about a variety of topics

• To call attention to a certain writer’s careful and elaborately detailed writing process

• To recount fond memories of an afternoon spent in nature with a certain writer

Multiple Choice

Many intellectual histories of the Black Power movement of the 1960s and 1970s rely heavily on essays and other explicitly ideological works as primary sources, a tendency that can overrepresent the perspectives of a small number of thinkers, most of whom were male. Historian Ashley D. Farmer has shown that expanding the array of primary sources to encompass more types of print material—including political cartoons, advertisements, and artwork—leads to a much better understanding of the movement and the crucial and diverse roles that Black women played in shaping it.

Which choice best describes the main idea of the text?

• Before Farmer’s research, historians had largely ignored the intellectual dimensions of the Black Power movement.

• Farmer’s methods and research have enriched the historical understanding of the Black Power movement and Black women’s contributions to it.

• Other historians of the Black Power movement have criticized Farmer's use of unconventional primary sources

• The figures in the Black Power movement whom historians tend to cite would have agreed with Farmer's conclusions about women's role in the movement.

Multiple Choice

Every day when [Bill] came back from his stroll he would ask if any seafaring men had gone by along the road. At first we thought it was the want of company of his own kind that made him ask this question, but at last we began to see he was desirous to avoid them. When a seaman did [stay] at the Admiral Benbow (as now and then some did) he would look in at him through the curtained door before he entered the parlour; and he was always sure to be as silent as a mouse when any such was present.

According to the text, why does Bill regularly ask about “seafaring men”?

• He isn’t sure that other guests at the inn will be welcoming of sailors.

• He's trying to secure a job as part of a crew on a new ship

• He's hoping to find an old friend and fellow sailor

• He doesn't want to encounter other sailors unexpectedly

Multiple Choice

In a paper about p-i-n planar perovskite solar cells (one of several perovskite cell architectures designed to collect and store solar power), Lyndsey McMillon-Brown et al. describe a method for fabricating the cell's electronic transport layer (ETL) using a spray coating. Conventional ETL fabrication is accomplished using a solution of nanoparticles. The process can result in a loss of up to 80% of the solution, increasing the cost of manufacturing at scale—an issue that may be obviated by spray coating fabrication, which the researchers describe as "highly reproducible, concise, and practical."

What does the text strongly suggest about conventional ETL fabrication?

• It typically entails a greater loss of nanoparticle solution than do other established approaches for ETL fabrication.

• It is less suitable for manufacturing large volumes of planar p-i-n perovskite solar cells than an alternative fabrication method may be.

• It is somewhat imprecise and therefore limits the potential effectiveness of p-i-n planar perovskite solar cells at capturing and storing solar power.

• It is more expensive when manufacturing at scale than are processes for fabricating ETLs used in other perovskite solar cell architectures.

Multiple Choice

In many of his sculptures, artist Richard Hunt uses broad forms rather than extreme accuracy to hint at specific people or ideas. In his first major work, Arachne (1956), Hunt constructed the mythical character Arachne, a weaver who was changed into a spider, by welding bits of steel together into something that, although vaguely human, is strange and machine-like. And his large bronze sculpture The Light of Truth (2021) commemorates activist and journalist Ida B. Wells using mainly flowing, curved pieces of metal that create stylized flame. Which choice best states the text's main idea about Hunt?www.cracksat.net --------------------- Source Url:https://www.cracksat.net/digital/reading-writing/test5.html

• He often depicts the subjects of his sculptures using an unrealistic style.

• He uses different kinds of materials depending on what kind of sculpture he plans to create.

• He tends to base his art on important historical figures rather than on fictional characters.

• He has altered his approach to sculpture over time, and his works have become increasingly abstract

Inferences

Inference = Predict

On the Sat Reading there are questions asking you to complete a sentence using information provided before.

​Which choice most logically completes the text?

​A. fluctuations in atmospheric carbon dioxide affected different sauropod lineages differently

​B) the evolution of larger body sizes in sauropods did not depend on increased atmospheric carbon dioxide.

​C) atmospheric carbon dioxide was higher when the largest known sauropods lived than it was when the first sauropods appeared.

​D) sauropods probably would not have evolved to such immense sizes if atmospheric carbon dioxide had been even slightly higher.

​Herbivorous sauropod dinosaurs could grow more than 100 feet long and weigh up to 80 tons, and some researchers have attributed the evolution of sauropods to such massive sizes to increased plant production resulting from high levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide during the Mesozoic era. However, there is no evidence of significant spikes in carbon dioxide levels coinciding with relevant periods in sauropod evolution, such as when the first large sauropods appeared, when several sauropod lineages underwent further evolution toward gigantism, or when sauropods reached their maximum known sizes, suggesting that _______

• Separate the sentences into context and conclusive/main

• Examine the last sentence.

• Chase from the choices.

​Tips:

​In documents called judicial opinions, judges explain the reasoning behind their legal rulings, and in those explanations they sometimes cite and discuss historical and contemporary philosophers. Legal scholar and philosopher Anita L. Allen argues that while judges are naturally inclined to mention
philosophers whose views align with their own positions, the strongest judicial opinions consider and rebut potential objections; discussing philosophers whose views conflict with judges’ views could therefore _______

​Which choice most logically completes the text?

• A) allow judges to craft judicial opinions without
  needing to consult philosophical works.

• B) help judges improve the arguments they put
  forward in their judicial opinions.

• C) make judicial opinions more comprehensible to
  readers without legal or philosophical training.

• D) bring judicial opinions in line with views that are
  broadly held among philosophers

Multiple Choice

Adaptations to cold temperatures have high metabolic costs. It is expensive, in terms of energy use, for land plants and animals to withstand very cold temperatures, and it gets more expensive the colder it gets, which means that the lower the air temperature, the fewer species have evolved to survive it. This factor, in conjunction with the decline in air temperature with increasing elevation, explains the distribution of species diversity in mountain ecosystems: you find fewer species high up a mountain than at the mountain's base because ______

Which choice most logically completes the text?

• there are relatively few environments hospitable to species that are adapted to live in low air temperatures

• there are relatively few species with the adaptations necessary to tolerate the temperatures at high elevations.

• adaptations that allow plants and animals to survive in rocky environments are metabolically costly.

• some mountain environments are at elevations so high that no plants or animals can survive them.

Multiple Choice

Many animals, including humans, must sleep, and sleep is known to have a role in everything from healing injuries to encoding information in long-term memory. But some scientists claim that, from an evolutionary standpoint, deep sleep for hours at a time leaves an animal so vulnerable that the known benefits of sleeping seem insufficient to explain why it became so widespread in the animal kingdom. These scientists therefore imply that ______

Which choice most logically completes the text?

• it is more important to understand how widespread prolonged deep sleep is than to understand its funcon.

• prolonged deep sleep is likely advantageous in ways that have yet to be discovered

• many traits that provide significant benefits for an animal also likely pose risks to that animal.

• most traits perform functions that are hard to understand from an evolutionary standpoint

Multiple Choice

Companies whose products are similar to competing products often pursue a marketing strategy of brand differentiation, trying to get consumers to associate their brand with unique attributes (e.g., to think of their brand of rice as the healthy brand, when in fact there is little difference among brands of the same type of rice). Jaywant Singh and Francesca Dall'Olmo Riley investigated consumer perceptions of such products, finding that consumers view competing brands as having largely the same attributes and that any differences in the strength of consumers' associations of brands with attributes are explained by differences in market share—the more popular a brand is, the stronger people's associations with it are—suggesting that ______

Which choice most logically completes the text?

• consumers tend to perceive products with high market share more positively than they perceive products with low market share.

• marketing aimed at brand differentiation influences consumers’ perceptions of branded products but not consumers’ purchasing behavior.

• marketing efforts focused on brand differentiation do not have much effect on consumers’ perceptions of branded products’ attributes.

• differences in consumers’ perceptions of products’ attributes are less influenced by brand differentiation than by actual differences between products

Multiple Choice

Biologist Natacha Bodenhausen and colleagues analyzed the naturally occurring bacterial communities associated with leaves and roots of wild Arabidopsis thaliana, a small flowering plant. The researchers found many of the same bacterial genera in both the plants' leaves and roots. To explain this, the researchers pointed to the general proximity of A. thaliana leaves to the ground and noted that rain splashing off soil could bring soil-based bacteria into contact with the leaves. Alternatively, the researchers noted that wind, which may be a source of bacteria in the aboveground portion of plants, could also bring bacteria to the soil and roots. Either explanation suggests that ______

Which choice most logically completes the text?

• A. thaliana leaves and roots are especially vulnerable to harmful bacteria.

• bacteria carried by wind are typically less beneficial to A. thaliana than soil-based bacteria are.

• many bacteria in A. thaliana leaves may have been deposited by means other than rain.

• some bacteria in A. thaliana leaves and roots may share a common source.

Tamir

Sayonara

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