MASTERS OF ARCHITECTURE

PREPARED BY : ARCHT. DOROTHY P. CASTRO, UAP

UNIVERSITY OF PANGASINAN

–

PEN

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & ARCHITECTURE

ARC 082 :
THEORY OF ARCHITECTURE 02

HOW
ARCHITECTURE
PROFESSION
START IN
PHILIPPINES

N E X T

1705

•Corps of engineer was established in Manila.

•Construction of obras publicas or public works was assigned to a crops of military engineers

•Juan De Ciscara y Ramirez – first military engineer , who arrived in October 1705 .

•Early churches were built under the direction of maestros de obras ( master builder) which are
the friar-architects.

•During this Spanish colonial era, the architectural profession was essentially embodied by the
maestro de obra.

1854

•
Felix Rojas y Arroyo – first Filipino professional architect who returned to
the Philippines from his academic training from the Real Academia de
Notables Artes de San Fernando, Madrid and started his architectural
practice in 1858
•
1866 he was appointed as the interim head/ Municipal architect of manila of
the Public Works office
•
During this mid-nineteenth century when numerous professional architects
and engineers arrived from Spain.

•
Spanish government founded the first school , Escuela Practica y Profesional de Artes y
Oficios de Manila and granted the title Maestro de Obra.
•
There were two classes: first, was with academic title Maestro de Obras-Academico; and
second, those who acquired their expertise through practical experience licensed by the
Ayuntamiento de Manila called Maestro de Obras-Practico.
•
Arcadio Arellano, Juan Carreon, Julio Hernandez, and Isidro Medina – were the first
graduates of this school.
•
Liceo De Manila – has granted an academic title of Maestro de Obra.

1890

1902

•Academia de Arquitectura y Agrimensura De Filipinas (AAAF) – the first
professional organization of architects, engineers, and surveyors that was formed.

•This was headed by :

•Guillermo Gardiner (Maestro de Obras /Surveyor) as President;

•Arcadio Arellano (Maestro de Obras / Surveyor) as vice President,

•Jose Perez Siguereza, (Surveyor) Secretary

•Tomas Arguelles and Jose Paras (Maestro de Obras / Surveyor) as Directors.

1903
•
the organization was transformed as the Academia de Arquitectura, Ingenieria y
Agremnsura de Filipinas (AIAAF). The Academia promulgated the first standards of
professional practice for the practice of civil engineering and architecture, known as the
Tarifa de Honorios which was patterned from the AIA documents

•
AIAAF offered a four-year course in civil engineering and architecture thus becoming the
first school of architecture in the Philippines
1904

1911
• the AIAAF was dissolved when the civil engineers withdrew to form their own professional

organization, but not before it has struggled for the passage of an Engineers and Architects
Law.

1921

• Philippine Assembly Act No. 2985 (An Act to Regulate the Practice of the Professions

of Engineers and Architect) - the founding of the architectural profession in the Philippines
was formalized by Act and signed into law on February 23, 1921, prepared by AIAAF.
• This law created separate Board of Examiners for Architecture and Civil Engineering. The law

also allowed practicing Maestro de Obras to be automatically registered as Architects Tomas
Mapua was given the number 1 license as architect and Carlos Barreto and Antonio Toledo as
numbers 2 and 3

• Mapua Institute of Technology (MIT) - was a pioneer architectural school established in 1925

by Tomas Mapua after his return from the United States. MIT, originally a night school for
working students, offered courses leading to degrees in architecture and engineering.
• The curriculum for the Bachelor of Science in Architecture offered at MIT and UST during this

time has reflected a French school lineage through the emphasis on rendered drawings and
perspectives, highly symmetrical planning and massing; and Classical Revival preferences in
details and motifs. Even up to now, vestiges of this Beaux-Arts system are still widely practiced
in architecture schools in the Philippines.

1925

1930

• UST established its School of Architecture and Fine Arts

1934

1935

• Mercedes Raffiñan –first female architect, a graduate of MIT, passed

the board examination. She earned the distinction as the first woman
architect in the history of Philippine architecture and the rest of
Southeast Asia. She was also the first woman to graduate with a degree in
architecture in the country.

• Apart from the training received from an academic setting, another form of tutelage was the

master-apprentice system that existed within the office of the Bureau of Public Works
(BPW).
• As the BPW was basically tasked to supervise the design and construction of public

structures and landscapes in the islands, it operated like an architectural firm.
• by the time of the Commonwealth period, almost all of the 96 registered architects in the

Philippines were either trained at an American university or the BPW. That is how pervasive
the influence and bearing of the BPW was on the creation of public architecture in the
Philippines during that time.

1933
• In 1933 the organization was transformed as the Philippine Architects’ Society with Don

Juan Nakpil as president, Tomas Mapua as Vice president, Harold Keyes as Secretary-
Treasurer, Carlos Baretto and Fernando Ocampo as Directors. The Constitution and Bylaws of
the Society was patterned after American Institute of Architects.

1938

• the Society drafted Bill Number 1850, proposing the separate statute for the practice of

Architecture from that of Engineering, which was approved in the second reading by the
National Assembly.

• During the American colonial period, colonial tutelage was accomplished through the pensionado

scholarship program in which Pensionado Architects -have spurred the establishments of
architectural schools where they are recruited to be faculty members, advisers, and consultants.
• Their architectural training from the United States and Europe served as the backbone for the

pedagogical framework disseminated in these schools, which was basically oriented towards the
Beaux-Arts method

1941

• The Professional Services of the Philippine Architects Society was promulgated. The

architects in government service were allowed to become members of PAS, thus, Juan Arellano,
Antonio Toledo and Elias Ruiz joined the society.

• The name of the organization was changed to the Philippine Institute of Architects and

Planners (PIAP) which was later changed to the Philippine Institute of Architects (PIA)
by a Resolution presented by Carlos da Silva.
• the Philippine Architect’s Society re-organized with :

•Fernando Ocampo as President,

•Cesar H. Concio as Vice President,

•Jose Zaragoza as Secretary, Luis Ma. Araneta as Treasurer;

•Juan Nakpil, Andres Luna de San Pedro, Gines Rivera and Gabriel Formoso as Directors

1945

1948

• PIA presented to the President of the Philippines Elpidio Quirino a resolution offering

professional services of its members to the government to assist in the preparation of plans for
public works projects under the War Damage Commission.
• Under the 6th President of the PIA Cesar H. Concio, the repealing of Act No. 2985 was

approved by Congress which was vetoed by President Quirino.
• PIA was working on the preparation of the Documents for the Practice of the Profession, such

as the standard Forms of Membership, Architectural Competition, Awards, etc
• Congress enacted Republic Act No. 472, amending Administrative Code, Section 1901; which

legalized the awarding of the design of public works and buildings to private architects and
engineers, which may be considered as the magna carta of the practice of private architects
against bureaucratic architecture and engineering.

1949
• the Law which separates the statutes of the Architects from the Engineers was passed as

Republic Act No. 544 and Republic Act No. 545 (R.A. 545 has been repealed as R.A. 9266, as
R.A. 544 still governs).

1951

• 1950, At about this time 15 members of PIA formed another organization: the League of

Philippine Architects (LPA) headed by eminent architects of the time – Pablo S. Antonio,
Antonio V. Bañas, Pablo D. Panlilio, Jose L. Reynoso and Elias L. Ruiz – the splinter group
elected the much younger Jose V. Herrera as its first president.
• the Standards of Professional Practice prepared by the PIA was printed and released.

1973

1974

• On January 1, 1974, the Ad-Hoc Commission assumed its function and formulated the Constitution

and By-Laws of the proposed new organization which was approved on December 19, and ratified by
the membership of APGA, LPA, and PIA on January 15, 1974.
• A Committee on Organizational Name was constituted on June 8, 1974, and composed of Architects

Felipe M. Mendoza (PIA), Jose V. Herrera (LPA) and Deogracias Atienza (APGA) was tasked to
submit to the Ad-Hoc Commission a list of names from which one may be chosen, suitable for
adoption by the new national organization.
• The United Architects of the Philippines (UAP) was born on December 12, 1974 out of the

noble vision of unifying the three (3) existing architectural associations at that time – the Philippine
Institute of Architects (PIA), the League of Philippine Architects (LPA) and the Association of
Philippine Government Architects (APGA)

• was the year when the illusive goal of professional unity was explicitly conceptualized.
• In April 1973, the LPA President Arch. Edilberto Florentino invited PIA President Ariston Nakpil to

a meeting which started a series of conferences between the two organizations and eventually with
Deogracias Atienza, APGA President. This culminated to the formation of the Panel of Negotiators.

• On June 1973 President Ferdinand Marcos issued PD 223 creating the Professional Regulation

Commission (PRC) for the purpose of regulating the practice of all professions.

• The Joint Board Resolution laid down the objectives and concepts of the integration and created the

Ad-Hoc Commission to implement the terms of integration and to prepare the constitution and
bylaws of the proposed organization.

1975

• March 26, 1975 - where the UAP was registered with the Philippines’ Securities and Exchange

Commission (SEC).
• On May 12, 1975, the UAP was granted Certificate No. 001, the first professional organization to

be accredited by the Professional Regulation Commission (PRC).
• Finally on December 12, 1975, the members of the UAP elected the First Regular Board of

Directors, namely: Jose Herrera (President), Manuel Mañosa, Jr. (VP for Private Practice),
Ruperto Gaite (VP for Government Service), Cesar Concio (VP for Allied Fields), Urbano Caasi, Jr.
(Secretary), Librado Macalinao (Treasurer), and Felipe Mendoza, Ricardo Poblete, Constantino
Agbayani, Corazon Tandoc, Jesse Mackay, Antonio Ascalon, Johnny Sulit as directors while
Norberto Nuke as ex-officio.

1976

• UAP became one of the founding members of the Philippine Federation of Professional

Organizations (PFPA, the Philippine Technological Council (PTC), and the Philippine Council for
Planning and Housing (PCPH).

I.MASTERS OF
ARCHITECTURE

FILIPINO ARCHITECTS

AND THEIR WORKS

LET’S GET STARTED

N E X T

PART I.A FILIPINO ARCHITECTS

NATIONAL ARTISTS & THEIR

WORKS

MASTERS OF

ARCHITECTURE

N E X T

PART I.B OTHER FAMOUS

FILIPINO ARCHITECTS AND

THEIR WORKS

I.A FILIPINO
ARCHITECTS
NATIONAL ARTISTS

N E X T

JUAN NAKPIL

• He was regarded as the Father of Philippine
Architecture and the very first National Artist for
Architecture, 1973.

• Philosophy: He believed that there is indeed such
thing as “Philippine Architecture” –

a style that

works with local climate, seismological conditions and
naturalenvironment.

14

Quezon Hall, UPD

15

Capitol Theater

16

PABLO ANTONIO Sr.

He was a pioneer of modern Philippine architecture.
The

rank

and

title

ofNational

Artist

ofthe

Philippines was conferred on him in 1976.

Philosophy: He believed that buildings “should be
planned with austerity in mind and its stability
forever

as the

aim

oftrue

architecture,

that

buildings must be progressive, simple in design but
dignified, true to a purpose without resorting to an
applied set of aesthetics and should eternally
recreate truth.

17

Far Eastern Univeristy

18

LEANDRO LOCSIN

He is known for his use of concrete, floating
volume and simplistic design.

Philosophy:

He

believes

that

the

true

Philippine Architecture is “the product of two
great streams of culture, the oriental and the
occidental… to produce a new object of
profound harmony.

19

Church of the Holy Sacrifice

20

Cultural Center of the Philippines

21

Philippine International Convention Center

22

JOSE MARIA ZARAGOZA

23

He is known for designing several edifices
during the postwar era. Traditional features
from

Spanish

colonial

architecture

were

mixed with basic, unadorned designs from
the International style

Commercial Bank Trust Company Building, Escolta

24

Santo Domingo Church, QC

38

Meralco Building

26

ILDEFONSO “IP” SANTOS

He is known for being the Father of Philippine
Landscape Architecture.

Philosophy:

“A

beautiful

environment

is

necessary if only to buoy sagging spirits and
offer hope for the future.

27

San Miguel Corporation HQ

28

Paco Cemetery

29

FRANCISCO “Bobby” MAÑOSA

30

He was a forerunner in the art of Philippine
neo-vernacular
mastered,

and

untapped DNA

architecture.

interpreted

of Philippine

He

studied,

the

largely

architecture,

particularly the Bahay Kubo and Bahay na
Bato.

Philosophy:

He

believes

that

the

true

Philippine Architecture must be “true to itself,
its land and its people.”

Coconut Palace

31

I.B OTHER
FAMOUS FILIPINO
ARCHITECTS AND
THEIR WORKS

N E X T

ANTONIO, PABLO

Full Name: Pablo Sebero
Antonio

Born: January 25, 1901

Place of Birth: Binondo,
Manila
Died: June 14, 1975 (aged 74)

Occupation: Filipino architect

Awards:

•National Artist of the
Philippines (1976)
•Asia-Pacific Heritage
Awards (2003)

ANTONIO, PABLO

Style:

• Modernism

-The pioneer of modern
Philippine Architecture

ANTONIO, PABLO

Notable Works:

Ideal Theater (1933)
Avenida Rizal, Manila

•Demolished – 1970’s

•First major work

Far Eastern University Campus

West Sampaloc, Manila

•Art Deco style – 1938 to 1950

•The campus is considered as the
largest collaborative of surviving
Art Deco architecture in Manila

ARANETA, LUIS

Full Name: Luis Maria
Zaragosa

Araneta

Born: 1916

Place of Birth: Manila,

Philippines

Died: 1984 (aged 68)

Occupation: Filipino architect

ARANETA, LUIS

Notable Works:

Makati Medical Center

Makati City

•Opened – May 31, 1969

•Most prominent hospital in the
Philippines

Times Theatre

Quezon Boulevard, Quiapo

•Art Deco Style – Art Moderne

•Construction – 1939

•Accomodation: 800 people

ARELLANO, JUAN

Full Name: Juan Marcos
Arellano
Born: April 25, 1888

Place of Birth: Tondo, Manila,

Philippines

Died: December 5, 1960 (aged
72)
Occupation:
• Filipino architect
• Painter

ARELLANO, JUAN

Notable Works:

Legislative Building (Congress Building)
Padre Burgos Avenue in Ermita, Manila

•Neoclassical Style

•Home to various legislative bodies of
the Philippine government (1987 to
1997)

•It houses the National Art Gallery of
the National Museum of the
Philippines

Manila Central Post Office
Liwasang Bonifacio, Manila

•Neoclassical Style

•Construction: 1926

•Designed with Tomas Mapua

•Renovation: 1946

ARELLANO, OTILIO

Full Name: OtilIo Arellano

Born: February 9, 1916

Place of Birth: San Juan,
Manila,

Philippines

Died: May 31, 1981 (aged 52)

Occupation: Filipino architect

ARELLANO, OTILIO

Style:

• Modern

-first postwar architect in his
homeland who was inspired by
Filipino symbols

ARELLANO, OTILIO

Notable Works:

Palacio del Governador

Intramuros, Manila

•12 storey-building

•Houses the Commission of Elections

•Historical Landmark

Philippine Pavilion

New York World Exhibition (1964)

•Roof form- “Salakot “, a traditional Filipino
hat with wide brim

ARGUELLES, CARLOS

Full Name: Carlos D.
Corcuera

Arguelles
Born: September 15, 1917

Place of Birth: Manila,

Philippines

Died: August 19, 2008 (aged
91)

Occupation: Filipino architect

ARGUELLES, CARLOS

Style:

• International Style

(1960’s)

ARGUELLES, CARLOS

Notable Works:

Philamlife Building

Ermita, Manila

•Completed: 1962

•20,000 sqm office space

•It was one of the first structures built in the
international style of architecture

Development Bank of the Philippines

Makati City

•Headquarters

•Founded: 1935

•Finance and insurance industry

CONCIO, CESAR

Full Name: Cesar Homero
Concio,

Sr.

Born: November 30, 1907

Died: April 27, 2003 (age 96)

Occupation: Filipino architect

Firm: Concio Cesar H &
Associates

CONCIO, CESAR

Notable Works:

University of the Philippines, Palma Hall

Diliman, Quezon City

•Asymmetrical structure inspired by
international style and Filipino design
expression

•One of the first buildings in UP

•Named after Rafael Palma - president of
the university (1923 -1933)

•The heart of UP Diliman

Insular Life Building

Makati City

•Completed: 1962

•Curving façade entirely covered by narrow
vertical aluminum

•Renovated: 2005 by Japanese firm

COSCOLLUELA, WILLIAM

Full Name: William Vargas

Coscolluela

Occupation: Filipino architect

Firm: W.V Coscolluela &
Associates

(established 1957)

COSCOLLUELA, WILLIAM

Awards:
•Recipient of the President’s
Gold

•Medal for Architecture 1956-
1957

•Recipient of the Gold Medal of
Merit Award from Philippine
Institute of Architects (PIA) –
1997

•Awardee for Architecture Diwa
ng Lahi at Patnubay ng mga
Sining at Kalinangan Araw ng
Maynila – 1997

•Gawad Gintong Likha from the
Architectural Archives
Philippines 2005

•Vertical Transportation in
Architecture Award 2005

•International Patron’s Award –
BCI Asia Top 10 Award –

COSCOLLUELA, WILLIAM

Notable Works:

Ayala Twin Towers

Ayala Avenue, Makati City

•26 Storey – apartment

•Construction: 2000

SM City North Edsa

Quezon City

•Opened: 1985

•120,000 square meters

•Largest shopping mall in the Philippines

•Third largest mall in the world

DE CASTRO, CRESENCIANO

Full Name: Cresenciano de
Castro

Career:
He graduated in University of
Santo Tomas in 1950 and
passed the Architect’s
Licensure Exam on the same
year – Third highest rating

Occupation: Filipino architect

DE CASTRO, CRESENCIANO

Notable Works:

Philippine Science High School

Diliman, Quezon City

•Operated: 1964

•75,000 square meter lot

Philippine Nuclear Research Institute

Commonwealth Avenue

•An arc-shaped nuclear laboratory building

•The first nuclear research laboratory in the
Philippines

FORMOSO, GABRIEL

Career:
• 1950’s to 1960’s – Most

popular architect of the
residence in Makati villages

• Planning and working

committee – Pamantasan ng
Lungsod ng Maynila

Firm: GF and Partners

Awards:
• Public Cultural Heritage

Awards (1973)

• Patnubay ng Sining at

Kalinangan (1977)

• PRC Outstanding Architect of

the Year (1979)

• UAP Likha Awards (1990)

FORMOSO, GABRIEL

Notable Works:

Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas (BSP)

Manila, Philippines

•Established: July 3, 1993

•Headquarters

Asian Institute of Management

Makati City, Metro Manila

•Founded: 1968

•The campus consists of fully air-conditioned
buildings that house the academic,
administrative, and dormitory facilities.

ILUSTRE, FEDERICO

Born: 1912

Died: 1989 (age 77)

Occupation: Filipino architect
–

Bureau of

Public

Works

ILUSTRE, FEDERICO

Notable Works:

Quezon Memorial Shrine

Quezon City

•Constructed: 1978

•66-meter trylon monument

•The monument’s three columns and angels
bowed in grief, holding sampaguita wreaths,
represent Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao.

•Dedicated to Manuel L. Quezon.

Quirino Grandstand

Rizal Park, Manila

•Opened: 1949

•Independence Grandstand – former name

•Capacity: 10, 000

•Originally, it was neoclassical designed by
Juan Arellano

•Currently, renovated simpler with some
Art Deco influence

LOCSIN, LEANDRO

Born: August 15, 1928

Place of Birth: Silay, Negros

Occidental,
Philippine

Islands
Died: November 15, 1994(age
66)
Occupation:

•Filipino architect
•Artist
•Interior designer

Awards:
• National Artist of the

Philippines for Architecture
in 1990

Firm: L. V. Locsin and

Partners

LOCSIN, LEANDRO

Known:

- for his use of concrete, floating
volume and simplistic design

LOCSIN, LEANDRO

Notable Works:

Cultural Center of the Philippines

Manila, Philippines

•Founded: September 1966

•The façade is dominated by a two-storey
travertine block suspended 12 meters
(39 ft) high by deep concave cantilevers
on three sides

•The rest of the structure is clad in
concrete, textured by crushed seashells
originally found on the reclamation site

Philippine International Convention Center

Pasay, Metro Manila

•Construction: 1974

•Completed: 1976

•Inagaurated: September 5, 1976

•Renovated: 1996

•Floor Area: More than 70,000 sqm

•Arch’l style: Brutalism

LUNA DE SAN PEDRO, ANDRES

Born: September 9, 1887

Place of Birth: Paris, France

Died: 1952 (age of 64)

Occupation: Filipino architect

Awards:
• Gold Medal of Merit as the

first architect of the
Philippine Institute of
Architects (PIA) in 1949

LUNA DE SAN PEDRO, ANDRES

Style:

• Modern
• Revival

LUNA DE SAN PEDRO, ANDRES

Notable Works:

Malacañang Palace
San Miguel, Manila

• The official residence and principal

workplace of the President of the
Philippines

• Spanish colonial and Neo-classical

style

St. Vincent de Paul Parish

San Marcelino, Manila

•1833 – originally built as a chapel

•1912 – built a concrete church

•2010 - renovation

MAÑOSA, FRANCISCO

Born: February 4, 1931

Place of Birth: Manila,
Philippines

Occupation:
• Retired but decorated

architect

• Pianist – The Executive Band

MAÑOSA, FRANCISCO

Known:

- Noted for his Filipino inspired
architectural designs