Module 3: Hardware

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Theory
LU3:
Hardware

Pg 28-39

Exploring IT: Theory Grade 10 - A Funworks
Publication
Presentation credit: Pam Macmillan
Template credit: SLIDESMANIA

Disclaimer:
This is a summary - you
must study for tests using
this and your textbook

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SAGS Topic 1: System Technologies Hardware and Software

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Key

Link to something of interest / extension - not to learn

Link to additional explanation

Link to online activity

Link to activity - you have work to do!

Link to video explanation

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Hardware is
categorised into:
● Input
● Storage
● Processing
● Output
● Communication

https://www.computerhope.com/jargon/d/desktopc.htm

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3.1
Processing

Motherboard

● Large printed circuit

board that houses
(connects) all the
electronic components
of device

● Links CPU, RAM,

peripherals

https://pxhere.com/en/photo/1165248

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The Central Processing Unit (CPU)

-Largest chip on the motherboard

-Interprets and executes the instructions stored in RAM

-Consists of

-Arithmetic Logic Unit (AL)

-Electric circuit made up of combinations of
logic gates

-Performs all logical calculations

-Control Unit (CU)

-Coordinates the programming instructions
sent to the processor

-Registers

-Memory holding space

-May hold an instruction, a memory address
or data

https://sites.google.com/site/iebitwiki/hardware
/cpu/von-neumann-architecture

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ALU(Arithmetic and Logic Unit)

The Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU) is the part of the CPU where arithmetic (add, subtract

etc) and logic (AND, OR, NOT etc) operations are carried out.

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CU (Control Unit)

The component of the CPU that controls all the operations in the
CPU.

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Registers

Register

Registers are high speed storage

areas in the CPU. All data must

be stored in a register before it can

be processed.

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Fetch-Decode-Execute cycle - interest

only

Multiple Choice

The component that does all the arithmetic and logic

• ALU

• CU

• CPU

• Register

Multiple Choice

The component that controls the operations in the CPU.

• CPU

• CU

• ALU

• Register

Multiple Choice

High speed storage areas in the CPU.

• RAM

• CPU

• Registers

• ALU

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3.2 Storage

Primary storage: main storage of
the computer or main memory,
i.e. random access memory or
RAM.

Secondary storage: the external
storage devices used to store data
on a long-term basis

Component

- Placed directly on to

motherboard

- E.g. RAM, CPU

Peripheral

- Connected to but not placed

directly on the motherboard

- Most input, output and

secondary storage devices

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Primary memory

Basic Input Output System (BIOS).

-Non-volatile firmware to initialize startup

Random Access Memory (RAM)

-Volatile, instruction-related data for the CPU

Read Only Memory (ROM)

-Non-volatile, permanently stores data e.g. BIOS

-Firmware: program pre-installed on ROM by manufacturer

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Comparison of RAM and ROM

ROM (Read Only Memory)

RAM (Random Access Memory)

Non-volatile storage

Volatile storage

This stores programs that are needed to boot up the
computer such as the BIOS and the bootstrap loader.

This stores data, instructions and programs currently in
use by the computer.

The contents of ROM are fixed and do not change. The
process to reprogram ROM is complex and only really
attempted when the computer can no longer boot up.

The contents of RAM are continually being changed as the
CPU processes instructions.

The amount of ROM in a computer cannot be easily
increased.

RAM can be easily increased by adding more RAM
components

RAM and ROM

Multiple Choice

RAM is an example of

• Primary Storage

• Secondary Storag

Multiple Choice

RAM is

• Volatile

• Non-volatile

Multiple Choice

Secondary storage is

• Volatile

• Non-volatile

Multiple Choice

This stores programs that are needed to boot up the computer such as the BIOS and the bootstrap loader.

• RAM

• ROM

• HDD

• SSD

Fill in the Blank

The contents of < > are continually being changed as the CPU processes instructions

Fill in the Blank

The amount of < > in a computer cannot be easily increased.

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Secondary
Storage.

Hard drives

- Inside computer case
- Stored user’s programs and

data permanently

- Mechanical (HDD)

- Magnetic
- Read-write head

- Solid State (SDD)

- Electronic circuits
- Faster, more reliable,

more expensive than HDD

- Disk fragmentation not

an issue

Permanent, non-volatile.

Fixed or removable

Media: what the data is
stored on

Slower than RAM / CPU

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- Optical Drives

- Laser light burns data

onto disk

- CD, DVD, Blu-ray
- Losing popularity as

cannot overwrite

- Secure Digital (SD) Cards

- Very small flash

memory cards

- Used e.g. In cameras,

phones

- Hybrid

- HDD joined with

high-speed flash
memory using SSD
technology on the
same drive

- Flash drives

- Small SSD device

connected via USB
port

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Secondary Storage

Magnetic storage: a type of secondary storage that uses the properties of magnetism to store
data. Eg a hard drive

Optical Storage: A type of secondary storage that uses lasers to store data. Eg of optical
media - CD, DVD

Solid State Storage (SSD): A type of secondary storage that uses transistors to store data. EG
a SSD hard drive and a flash drive.

The need for secondary storage

Three types of
secondary storage

Multiple Choice

Secondary storage is slower than RAM or the CPU

• True

• False

Multiple Choice

An example of media for an optical drive is

• CD

• SSD

• Hard Drive

Multiple Choice

An example of a Solid State Drive is

• CD

• DVD

• Flash drive

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Input and Output devices

Output devices

Input devices

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3.3 Input
devices

Devices to get data into the
computer.

● Keyboard

○ QWERTY layout

● Mouse

○ Pointing device
○ Detects changes in

position, reflects them
on the screen

○ Mechanical or optical

(bounce light emitting
diode (LED) off surface)

https://medium.com/@tryeducationtypes/what-is-an-input-device-types-
of-input-devices-a2ac2431637e

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Scanners

-Converts images into digital format (e.g. .jpg)

-Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software can convert text images

-Resolution measured in dots per inch (dpi)

Barcode scanners

-Often used at point of sale (POS)

-Converts pattern of thin and thick lines into data

QR (Quck Response) Code scanner

-QR Code: Pattern of 2-dimensional squares i.e. 2-dimensional bar code

-Can be read by many smartphone cameras

Magnetic stripe readers

-E.g. ATM and credit cards

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Biometric devices

-Identify a human based on physical characteristics

-E.g. fingerprints, voiceprints, retina/ iris

-Needs to be unique

-Sample data needs to exist on the database that is searched to identify the person -
converted to a mathematical sequence

Microphones

-Converts the sound energy (sound waves) into electrical / digital energy

Sensors

-Converts real-world property (e.g. temperature, speed, sound, light, etc) into a digital signal

-Used e.g. in smart homes, autopilot

-Allows real-time responses to be outputted

-E.g . accelerometer, gauges the tilting and orientation of a smartphone to determine which
orientation must show on the phone’s screen

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3.4 Output

Any device that receives
information from the computer

Some devices are input and output
e.g. touch screen

Monitors

- Resolution

- Number of pixels on the

monitor - rows x columns

- screen size

- Measured diagonally from

top left to bottom right

- Excludes casing

- Liquid Crystal Display (LCD)

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Printers

- Impact (dot-matrix)
- Non-impact:

- Laser
- Inkjet
- Only the ink touches the

paper

- 3D printers

- object built out of tiny

little slices

- .STL file with design
- slicing

Speakers

Headphones

- Reverse technology of

microphone

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3.5
Ports

Connect the device to the
motherboard

● Universal Serial Bus

(USB) port
○ Mice, keyboard,

flash drives plug into a USB port etc

● High Definition

Multimedia Interface
(HDMI) port
○ Video and audio

https://pxhere.com/en/photo/1165248

Open Ended

What device is an example of both an input and an output device?

Multiple Choice

An example of an input device is a

• Scanner

• Flash drive

• Printer

Multiple Select

An example of a magnetic stripe reader (there are 2 correct answers)

• Using a credit card

• Using an ATM

• Using a finger print scneer

Multiple Choice

Is this statement true or false: A flash drive can also be called a USB.

• False

• True

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Credits

Presentation Template: SlidesMania