Mutations CFU Prep

Mutations CFU Prep

Each nucleotide has 3 parts.

1. Phosphate group

2. Sugar (deoxyribose)

3. Nitrogenous Base

   1. Adenine

   2. Cytosine

   3. Thymine

   4. Guanine

​

DNA is a Nucleic Acid!

It is made of nucleotides.

DNA is made of 2 strands of nucleotides. Together they make a ladder shape.

• THE SIDES OF THE LADDER are made up of the deoxyribose sugar and the phosphate group.

• THE "RUNGS" (MIDDLE) OF THE LADDER is made up of the nitrogeneous bases.

The twisted ladder shape is called a double helix!

This shape was discovered by ROSALIND FRANKLIN, who took an X ray photo of DNA.

Multiple Choice

Which of the following best describes a DNA molecule?

• double helix

• contains ribose

• made of amino acids

• contains Uracil

Multiple Choice

Which 2 molecules form the sides (backbone) of the DNA ladder?

• deoxyribose sugar and adenine

• deoxyribose sugar and a hydrogen bond

• deoxyribose sugar and the nucleus

• deoxyribose sugar and phosphate

Multiple Choice

What are the three components of a nucleotide?

• sugar, hydrogen, nitrogen base

• sugar, oxygen, nitrogen base

• sugar, phosphate, nitrogen base

• sugar, phosphate, protein

This enzyme unzips and separates the two strands of DNA.

HELICASE

This enzyme adds new nucleotides to each of the separated strands of DNA.

DNA POLYMERASE

Because of how the nitrogenous bases pair, you end up with two identical copies of DNA.

THE RESULT

Multiple Choice

What is it called when DNA makes a copy of itself?

• Translation

• Replication

• Mitosis

• Gene therapy

Multiple Choice

When replication is complete, there are two _____________ DNA modules.

• identical

• different

• similar

• A change in a DNA sequence affects the amino acid sequence of a protein.

• Change in protein structure also changes its function.

• Depending on how the function changes, mutations can be good, bad, or neutral.

​

Mutations = any change in a DNA sequence

Multiple Choice

Where do mutations occur?

• DNA and RNA

• DNA 

• RNA

• mRNA and tRNA

Multiple Choice

Mutations are SOMETIMES helpful to the organism.

• true

• false

Multiple Choice

What describes a change in the DNA sequence?

• Transcription

• Translation

• DNA replication

• Mutation

• Apoptosis

Multiple Choice

What are considered "negative" mutations?

• mutations in the DNA sequence that changes the resulting protein and harms the organism

• mutations in the DNA sequence that changes the resulting protein and benefits the organism

• mutations in the DNA sequence that produces the same protein

• all mutations are considered bad and harm the organisms

Multiple Choice

Mutations can be...

• Harmful

• Beneficial

• Neutral

• All of the Above

Multiple Choice

What are considered "positive" mutations?

• mutations in the DNA sequence that changes the resulting protein and harms the organism

• mutations in the DNA sequence that changes the resulting protein and benefits the organism

• mutations in the DNA sequence that produces the same protein

• all mutations are considered bad and harm the organisms

Chromosomal Mutations can also occur.

• Sections can be deleted or duplicated.

• Sections of DNA can be flipped around, or inverted.

• Sometimes, sections can be swapped incorrectly, also called translocation.

Match

Match the following

• Mutation

• Substitution mutation

• Frameshift mutation

• Silent mutation

• Chromosomal mutation

a change in the DNA sequence

a type of mutation where one to few bases are substituted with different bases

a type of mutation caused by adding or deleting bases, affecting all the codons after the change

a type of mutation that doesn't result in a change in the amino acid sequence (same protein)

a type of mutation where large sections of the chromosome are affected

• a change in the DNA sequence

• a type of mutation where one to few bases are substituted with different bases

• a type of mutation caused by adding or deleting bases, affecting all the codons after the change

• a type of mutation that doesn't result in a change in the amino acid sequence (same protein)

• a type of mutation where large sections of the chromosome are affected

Multiple Choice

What mutation has occurred here?

T-G-A-C-C-A

T-G-A-G-C-A

• Substitution

• Deletion

• Insertion

• Frameshift

Multiple Choice

Which of the following best describes a mutagen?

• Direct manipulation of an organism's genes using biotechnology.

• Any organism whose genetic material has been altered using genetic engineering techniques.

• An agent which can change the structure of DNA, causing a mutation.

Multiple Choice

Original: ATC CAT

Mutation: ATC GCAT

What mutation occurred?

• deletion

• insertion

• silent

• transverse

Multiple Choice

If a point mutation does not change the order of the amino acid sequence, this is called a:

• nonsense mutation

• silent mutation

• missense mutation

• frameshift mutation

Multiple Choice

Insertions and deletions are also known as:

• frameshift mutations

• chromosomal mutations

• silent mutations

• polyploidy

Multiple Choice

If a mutation codes for "stop" in the amino acid chain, this is called a:

• nonsense mutation

• missense mutation

• silent mutation

• frameshift mutation

Multiple Choice

If UCU is changed to UCC, this is a _______________________________.

• silent mutation

• missense mutation

• nonsense mutation

• frameshift mutation

Multiple Choice

Mutations that change the amino acid specified by the codon, affecting the amino acid sequence, are called:

• nonsense mutations

• missense mutations

• silent mutations

• all of the above

Multiple Choice

DNA molecule segment is : TTA-CGC-AAG

The mutated DNA segment is TTC-GCA-AG. This is an example of ___ mutation.

• Substitution

• Deletion

• Insertion

• Inversion

Multiple Choice

Mutations are...

• Changes in the sequence of DNA

• Broken chromosomes

• Bad genes

Multiple Choice

What type of gene mutation has occurred here?

T-G-A-C-C-A

T-G-A-C-C-A-A

• Substitution

• Deletion

• Insertion

Multiple Choice

Deletion

• A

• B

• C

Multiple Choice

Substitution

• A

• B

• C

Multiple Choice

Insertion

• A

• B

• C