Industrialization and Nationalism Part 3.1

Industrialization and Nationalism

National Unification and Nationalism Part 1

Toward National Unification

• The revolutions of 1848 had failed.

• By 1871, however, both Germany and Italy would be unified.

• The changes that made this possible began with the Crimean War.

• Breakdown of the Concert of Europe

• The Crimean War was the result of a long-term struggle between Russia and

the Ottoman Empire.

• The Ottoman Empire, centered in what is now Turkey, had long controlled most of

the Balkans in southeastern Europe.
• By 1800, however, the Ottoman Empire was in decline.

•Its authority over Balkan territories began to weaken.

• Russia was a nation with little access to warm-water ports.

• It had always coveted territory in the Balkans.

• Having this territory would allow Russian ships to sail through the Dardanelles, the straits

between the Black Sea and the Mediterranean.
•If Russia could achieve this goal, it would become the major power in eastern Europe and would even
be able to challenge British naval control of the eastern Mediterranean.
• Other Europeannations feared Russian ambitions but also hoped to gain some territory if the

Ottoman Empire collapsed.

Multiple Choice

What was the result of a long term struggle between Russia and the Ottoman Empire?

• The Civil War

• World War I

• War of 1812

• The Crimean War

Toward National Unification

• Breakdown of the Concert of Europe Cont.

• In 1853, the Russians invaded the Turkish Balkan provinces of Moldovia and

Walachia.

• In response, the Ottoman Turks declared war on Russia.

• Great Britain and France, fearful of Russian gains, declared war on Russia the following year.

•This conflict came to be called the Crimean War.

• The Crimean War was named for the Russian peninsula in the Black Sea where

important battles took place.

• The war was poorly planned and poorly fought.

• Eventually, heavy losses caused the Russians to seek peace.

•By the Treaty of Paris, signed in March 1856, Russia agreed to allow Moldovia and Walachia to be
placed under the protection of all the great powers.

• The effect of the Crimean War was to destroy the Concert of Europe.

• Austria and Russia, the chief powers, maintaining the status quo before the 1850s,

were now enemies.
• Austria, with its own interests in the Balkans, had refused to support Russia in the Crimean

War.
•A defeated and humiliated Russia withdrew from European affairs for the next 20 years.
• Austria now had no friends among the great powers.

• This situation opened the door to the unification of Italy and Germany.

Multiple Select

Which TWO countries were the chief powers during the Crimean War?

• Austria

• Russia

• France

• Britain

Crimean War Map

Multiple Select

After looking at the map, in which TWO empires did the Crimean War take place?

• Byzantine

• Ming

• Ottoman

• Russian

Toward National Unification

• Italian Unification

• In 1850, Austria was still the dominant power on the Italian Peninsula.

• After the failure of the revolution of 1848, people began to look to the northern

Italian state of Piedmont for leadership in achieving the unification of Italy.
• The royal house of Savoy ruled the Kingdom of Piedmont.

•Included in the kingdom were Piedmont, the island of Sardinia, Nice, and Savoy.
• The ruler of the kingdom, beginning in 1849, was King Victor Emmanuel II.

• The king named Camillo di Cavour his prime minister in 1852.

• Cavour was a dedicated political leader.

• As prime minister, he pursued a policy of economic expansion to increase government

revenues and enable the kingdom to equip a large army.
•Cavour, however, knew that Piedmont’s army was not strong enough to defeat the Austrians.
• So, he made an alliance with the French emperorLouis-Napoleon.

• Cavour then provoked the Austrians into declaring war in 1859.

• Following the conflict, a peace settlement gave Nice and Savoy to the French.

• Cavour had promised Nice and Savoy to the French in return for making the alliance.

• Lombardy, which had been under Austrian control, was given to Piedmont.

•Austria retained control of Venetia.
• Cavour’s success caused nationalists in other Italian states(Parma, Modena, and Tuscany) to

overthrow their governments and join their states to Piedmont.

Multiple Select

What TWO areas were given to the French in the peace settlement?

• Paris

• Nice

• Savoy

• Venice

Toward National Unification

• Italian Unification Cont.

• Meanwhile, in southern Italy, a new leader of Italian unification had arisen.

• Giuseppe Garibaldi, a dedicated Italianpatriot, raised an army of a thousand

volunteers.
• They were called Red Shirts because of the color of their uniforms.

• A branch of the Bourbon dynasty ruled the Two Sicilies (Sicily and Naples), and

a revolt had broken out in Sicily against the king.

• Garibaldi’s forces landed in Sicily and, by the end of July 1860, controlled most of the

island.
• In August, Garibaldi had his forces crossed over to the mainland and began a victorious

march up the Italian Peninsula.
•Naples and the entire Kingdom of the Two Sicilies fell in early September.

• Garibaldi chose to turn over his conquests to Piedmont.

• On March 17, 1861, a new state of Italy was proclaimed under Victor Emmanuel II.

• The task of unification was not yet complete, however.

•Austria still held Venetia in the north, and Rome was under the control of the pope, supported by
French troops.

Multiple Choice

Who created a new Italian state under on March 17, 1861?

• Guiseppe Garibaldi

• Victor Emmanuel II

• Napoleon Bonaparte

• Presley XXXIV

Toward National Unification

• Italian Unification Cont.

• The Italians gained control of Venetia as a result of a war between Austria and

Prussia.

• In the Austro-Prussian War of 1866, the new Italian state allied with Prussia.

• Prussia won the war, and the Italians were given Venetia.

• In 1870, during the Franco-Prussian War, French troops withdrew from Rome.

• Their withdrawal enabled the Italian army to annex Rome on September 20, 1870.

• Rome became the capital of the united Italian state.

• German Unification

• After the Frankfurt Assembly failed to achieve German unification in 1848 and

1849, Germans looked to Prussia for leadership in the cause of German
unification.

• In the course of the nineteenth century, Prussia had become a strong and

prosperousstate.
• Its government was authoritarian.

•The Prussian king had firm control over both the government and the army.
• Prussia was also known for its militarism, or reliance on military strength.

Multiple Choice

What did the Italians gain as a result of the war between Austria and Prussia?

• Rome

• Venice

• Venetia

• Crete

Open Ended

What must the government have control of to be considered authoritarian?

Toward National Unification

• German Unification Cont.

• In the 1860s, King William I tried to enlarge the Prussian army.

• When the Prussian legislature refused to levy new taxes for the proposed military

changes.
• William I appointed a new prime minister, Count Otto von Bismarck.

• Bismarck has often been seen as the foremost nineteenth-century practitioner

of realpolitik-the “politics of reality”, or politics based on practical matters
rather than on theory or ethics.

• Bismarck openly voiced his strong dislike of anyone who opposed him.

• After his appointment, Bismarck ignored the legislative opposition to the

military reforms.

• He argued instead the “Germany does not look to Prussia’s liberalism but to her

power.”
• Bismarck proceeded to collect taxes and strengthen the army.

•From 1862 to 1866, Bismarck governed Prussia without approval of the Parliament.
• In the meantime, he followed an active foreign policy, which soon led to war.

Multiple Choice

What are politics based on practical matters rather than theories or ethics called?

• Politics of Reality

• Politics of Self

• Politics of Life

• Politics of Freedom

Toward National Unification

• German Unification Cont.

• After defeating Denmark with Austrian help in 1864, Prussia gained control of

the duchies of Schleswig and Holstein.

• Bismarck then created friction with the Austrians and forced them into a war on

June 14, 1866.
• The Austrians, no match for the well-disciplined Prussian army, were defeated on July 3.

• Prussia not organized the German statesnorth of the Main River into the North

German states, which were largely Catholic, feared Protestant Prussia.

• However, they also feared France, their western neighbor.

• As a result, they agreed to sign military alliances with Prussia for protection against France.

• Prussia now dominated all of northern Germany, and the growing power and

military might of Prussia worried France.

• Bismarck was aware that France would never be content with a united German state

to its east because of the potentialthreat to the French security.

Multiple Select

After defeating Denmark with Austrian help, Prussia gained control of the duchies of what TWO areas?

• Scheswig

• Holstein

• Brighton

• Jubilee

Toward National Unification

• German Unification Cont.

• In 1870, Prussia and France became embroiled in a dispute over the candidacy

of a relative of the Prussian king for the throne of Spain.

• Taking advantage of the situation, Bismarck goaded the French into declaring war on

Prussia on July 19, 1870.

• The French proved to be no match for the better led and better organized

Prussian forces.

• The southern German states honored their military alliances with Prussia and joined

the war effort against the French.
• At Sedan, on September 2, 1870, an entire French army and the French ruler, Napoleon II,

were captured.

• Paris finally surrendered on January 28, 1871.

• An official peace treaty was signed in May.

• France had to pay 5 billionfrancs(about $1 billion) and giver up the provinces of Alsace and

Lorraine to the new German state.
•The loss of these territories left the French burning for revenge.

Multiple Choice

Who surrendered on January 28, 1871?

• Madrid

• London

• Paris

• Amsterdam

Toward National Unification

• German Unification Cont.

• Even before the war had ended, the southern German states had agreed to

enter the North German Confederation.

• On January 18, 1871, Bismarck and 600 German princes, nobles, and generals filled

the Hall of Mirrors in the Palace of Versailles, 12 miles outside of Paris.
• William I of Prussia was proclaimed kaiser, or emperor, of the Second German Empire(the

first was the medieval Holy Roman Empire).

• The Prussian monarchy and the Prussian army had achieved German unity.

• The authoritarian and militaristic values of Prussia were triumphant in the new

German state.
• With its industrial resources and military might, the new state had become the strongest

power on the European continent.

Multiple Choice

What did William I of Prussia proclaim himself to be?

• Duke

• Kaiser

• King

• Czar