Industrial Revolution

The Industrial Revolution

1700s-1900s

What was the Industrial Revolution?

Things started to be made more by machines and factories and less by people

Urbanization -The process of making an area more populated

• This led to many problems

• Overcrowded living situations

• More sewage and waste than cities were able to handle

• Contaminated drinking water

• Those who lived in the cities prior to urbanization were not welcoming

Immigration

• More people came to the US

• They needed jobs, and new factories were eager to hire them

• 1865: 25 million immigrants arrive over next 50 years

• Total US Pop at that time: 31.4 million

Reasons for Immigration

• Irish Potato Famine (Ireland)

• Political Unrest (Germany)

• Poverty (China)

Multiple Select

Which of the following was an effect due to Urbanization?

• Contaminated drinking water

• Overcrowded living situations

• More sewage and waste that the cities could not handle

• Children could not go to school

More Factories = More Workers Needed

• As a result of more factories more workers were needed

• Men, women, and even children worked

• BAD working conditions

Child Labor

• kids as old as toddlers would begin working full time

  
  

• small workers with small hands could get to parts of machines adults couldn't

• Often worked dangerous horrible jobs

Working Conditions

• Worked 12-18 hours a day

• 6 days a week

• Dangerous working conditions - could be killed by machines

• No air or heat

• Polluted buildings

• Long hours, little pay

Labor Unions

• These workers came together to form unions

• Unions worked together to protect the rights of the workers - wages ($$) and work conditions

• If demands weren't met - workers strike (don't work)

Open Ended

In what ways did the labor unions protect their workers?

How did farming for thousands of years become cities in just 200 years?

1st Industrial Revolution

1st Industrial Revolution

• mid 1700s - early 1900s

• Started in England

Major Inventions

• Steam Engine

• Powered Loom

• Furnace

• Cotton Gin

• Assembly Line

Steam Engine

• Created by James Watt

• Steam power was used to quickly manufacture things that used to rely on manpower

Powered Loom

• Created by Edmund Cartwright

• A machine that makes cloth out of thread

• Faster than people could do it

Furnace for making steel

• England used its many resources of coal to power these new machines instead of making things from hand

Cotton Gin

• Created by Eli Whitney

• Picked seeds out of raw cotton to be used for clothing

• Much faster than people

Assembly Line

• Northern U.S.

• Easier and faster to build things

• Workers were responsible for just one part of the process

2nd Industrial Revolution

• Late 1800s

• United States

Major Advances

• Transportation

  • Railroad

  • Steamship

  • Automobile mass-produced

• Communication

  • Telephone

  • Telegraph

• Electricity

  • Lightbulb

  • Radio

​Thomas Alva Edison

• ​Born February 11th, 1847

• Raised in Midwest

• Known for being most prolific inventor in U.S. History

• Had a Laboratory in West Orange, NJ.

• Did most of his inventions in a separate lab in Menlo Park, NJ.

The Wright Brothers (1903) - Flight

• Built the first successful motor-operated airplane

• Focused less on flight and more on pilot controls

• Original patent did not claim the invention of airplane, but rather a system of aerodynamic control

The First Flight

• Wright Brothers

• In December 1903

• 120 feet through the air

• lasted for 12 seconds

The Second Flight

• on a new aircraft named: "Flyer II"

• in November 1904

• lasted for 5 minutes

What happened after the First two flights???

• the two brothers continued building planes: their next plane could stay in the air for 39 minutes and fly in circles

• they made planes for the US army: aircraft that could fly more than an hour and carry a pilot and a passenger.

• they opened a flight school in Ohio for training pilots to fly

• modern designs of plane wings are similar to theirs

​Birth of the "Modern" Automobile

• ​first automobiles were meant for rich people

• ​had to have an understanding of the mechanics of the automobile

• ​Ford --> make car that was affordable for all Americans

• ​Model T --> car that was affordable

• ​Ford didn't pocket profits --> lowered price of his car

• ​Model T debuted in 1908 --> cost = $825.00

• ​4 years later --> cost = $575.00

• ​by 1914 --> Ford took up 48% of the auto market

​Assembly Line perfected...

• ​Ford needed to manufacture his vehicle more efficiently

• ​did not invent the assembly line --> perfected it

• ​Assembly line origins = meatpacking industry

• ​assembly line brought cars to workers instead of workers to car

• ​reduce assembly of vehicle from 12 1/2 hours to less than 6 hours

​Implementation of the Assembly Line

• ​idea --> roll the chassis along so the workers could put the material onto the vehicle

• ​have workers for each separate piece of the automobile

• ​larger pieces would already be prepared before placed on the vehicle

• ​move vehicle past stockroom instead of bringing all materials out of the stockroom

• ​Chassis were moved through plant first with a towrope, then power-driven system

Grand Central Station, NYC

Bessemer Steelmaking Process

• Henry Bessemer, English engineer (1856)

• Bessemer independently made a process that had already been theorized by other inventors

• His was the first to be commercially viable

• American William Kelly began experimenting with the same process nine years earlier

Benefits of Industrial society

• everyone has job options

• consumer products are MUCH cheaper

• things are available worldwide and faster

• creation of middle class

Negative Impact

• Over-population

  • too many people

  • shoddy cheap slums

  • bad or no sanitation

  • disease is everywhere

• Pollution and waste

  • tons of toxic fumes

  • chemical waste

  • unsanitary by-products and items

  • permanently altered our planet and the cities of industry

• Unsafe Conditions

  • tons of injuries and deaths

  • no insurance

  • no liability

  • no safety rules

Multiple Choice

What was the Industrial Revolution?

• Making things by machine instead of by hand.

• Wealthy landowners began to farm more.

• The use of kids as factory workers who worked long hours.

Multiple Select

What were cities like during the Industrial Revolution? Check all that are correct

• Crowded

• Polluted

• Clean

• Dangerous

Multiple Choice

True or False: Workers could work up to 12-18 hours a day.

• True

• False

Multiple Choice

True or False: Working conditions were dangerous.

• True

• False

Open Ended

What was life like for children during the Industrial Revolution?

Multiple Choice

These were groups of workers that formed to get better working conditions:

• Apprentices

• Guilds

• Labor Unions

Multiple Choice

Workers did this to protest in order to get better conditions, pay, and hours.

• strike

• boycotted the government

• traded

Open Ended

What were some of the environmental effects of the Industrial Revolution?

Multiple Choice

The Industrial Revolution took place in:

• the country

• small towns

• big cities

Multiple Choice

What happened to cities as the Industrial Revolution took over?

• people moved to the country

• they became overcrowded

Open Ended

List one new method of transportation as a result of the Industrial Revolution.

Multiple Choice

Where did the first Industrial Revolution begin?

• United States

• France

• England

Multiple Choice

Where did the second Industrial Revolution begin?

• United States

• France

• England

Multiple Choice

Why were working conditions so bad for factory workers?

• because all the workers were children

• because there were no laws to protect them

• because no one complained

Multiple Choice

Which of these did NOT happen during the Industrial Revolution?

• Urbanization (cities grew)

• More products at a cheaper price

• People started making things by hand