20230407 Eva Bio Lesson 2

Multiple Choice

The cladogram shows the relationships of five species I to IV.

Which species is/are most closely related to IV

• V only

• Ⅱ and Ⅲ

• Ⅲ and V

• Ⅱ, Ⅲ, and V

Multiple Choice

Which of these structures is not homologous?

Multiple Choice

What explains the presence in living humans of DNA sections which are identical to DNA found in Neanderthals who lived 40000 years ago?

• Genetic mutation

• Inheritance

• Adaptation

• Speciation

Multiple Choice

Which process tends to reduce varety within a population?

• Natural selection

• Random fertilization

• Independent assortment

• Crossing over

Multiple Choice

Which of the following ecological units includes abiotic factors?

• A community

• An ecosystem

• A population

• A trophic level

Multiple Choice

The figwort family is a large one consisting of many flowering plants that look similar. For what reason have some members of the family been reclassified into a new family?

• Cladistics analysis shows the differences in flower structure to be fewer than the shared similarities.

• DNA analysis shows the similarities in flower shape to be a product of convergent evolution

• DNA analysis shows some of the families to have suffered recent mutations in only one gene

• DNA analysis shows the similarities between the seed d

Multiple Choice

In a pond, two species of fish feed on insects and worms. The insects feed on the green plants that live in the water. What constitutes a population in this ecosystem?

• All the living organisms

• All the animals

• All the fish

• All the fish of one species

Multiple Choice

What is required for natural selection to occur?

I. Acquired characteristics

Ⅱ. Advantageous characteristics

Ⅲ. Genetic Variation

• I only

• I and Ⅲ only

• Ⅱ and Ⅲ only

• I, Ⅱ and Ⅲ

Multiple Choice

Balkan green lizards, Lacerta trilineata, living in mainland Greece eat mostly insects but also small amounts of plants. The same species living on Greek islands (where insects are scarce) show a greater percentage of those physical traits useful for eating plants than the mainland lizards.

What is the biological explanation for these observations?

• Variation in each lizard population allowed adaptation to occur

• Lizards migrated to areas where they were better adapted

• Lizards on the islands diverged due to lack of interbreeding with the mainland population.

• Homologous structures have prevented separate species from evolving.

Multiple Choice

What term refers to organisms of the same species, living in a specified area and time?

• Population

• Community

• Family

• Genus

Multiple Choice

What is accepted by scientists as evidence for evolution?

Ⅰ. Similarities in bone structure between the wings of a bat and the fins of a porpoise

Ⅱ. Changes in dog breeds caused by artificial selection

Ⅲ. Extinction of dinosaurs

• I only

• I and Ⅱ only

• I and Ⅲ only

• I, Ⅱ and Ⅲ

Multiple Choice

What is the difference between detritivores and saprotrophs?

• A

• B

• C

• D

Multiple Choice

This image show a guinea pig, a mouse, a horse, and a whale.

Which features support the classification of these four species in the same class?

• All are warm-blooded and breathe air.

• All have evolved from primates.

• All have hair or fur and feed their young with milk.

• All have a notochord, vertebrae, and give birth to live young.

Fill in the Blanks

Open Ended

a) (ii) Based on the taxa shown, deduce a difficulty in gathering data to study turtle ancestry

Difficulty in gathering data

• The related organisms have died out

• Different clades

• Convergence (different ancestor) may occur

• Divergence: common ancestor + different structures

Open Ended

b) (i) Molecular evidence is often used to construct a cladogram. Describe one type of molecular-based evidence to identify members of a clade.

Describe one type of molecular-based evidence

• DNA base sequence

• Species with the most similar DNA base sequence are more closely related

Fill in the Blanks

Open Ended

Explain how sickle cell anemia is caused.

Sickle cell anemia

• A base substitution from GAG to GTG causes a change of codon on mRNA from GAG to GUG

• This causes a wrong complementary anticodon on tRNA with another corresponding amino acid

• Glutamic acid is replaced by valine

• This distorts the hemoglobin protein's structure, producing Hb^s and leading to a change in red blood cell's shape

• As Hb^s cannot carry enought O₂, it causes fatigue

• Also, sickled-shaped blood cells might block the cpillaries and causes tissue damage and pain

Open Ended

Explain how antibiotic resistance can evolve in bacteria, such as those causing pneumonia.

Antibiotic resistance

• Antibiotic resistance exists as a genetic variation

• Antibiotic resistance may occur from transfer of genetic material

• Resistance specific gene reproduce only in the presence of antibiotic

• Frequency of resistant bacteria increases in population

• Resistant population replaces non resistant overtime

Open Ended

Describe how variation contributes to evolution by natural selection.

Variation contributes to evolution by natural selection

• Variation is different phenotypes (differences between inividuals in a population)

• Struggle/competition for survival

• Some individuals have advantageous characteristics/are better adapted/have greater chance of survival/reproduction than others

• Favorable alleles (genetic variations) passed on/inherited by offspring/next generation

Open Ended

Outline what is required for speciation to occur.

Speciation

• Divided species/gene pool/ part of species/ gene pool become separated/species splits into separate populations

• Reproductive isolation/lack of interbreeding

• may be due to temporal/behavioral/geographic isolation

• different natural selection/different selective pressures

Open Ended

Using the cladogram, identify one diagnostic feature that characterizes the given groups of vertebrates at A, B, C.

diagnostic feature

• A: gills/fins/scales/no limbs/external fertilization

• B: homeothermic/warm-blooded/endothermic/lungs/tetrapod/four limbs/pentadactyl limbs/internal fertilization

• C: hair/fur/mammary glands/milk