PMA Review: 1.4 and 2.1

PMA 2 Review: 1.4 and 2.1

Human Impacts on the environment

Humans are causing a great loss in biodiversity due to a number of causes:

1. Habitat loss: The destruction or disruption of earths natural habitats

2. Invasive species: Introduced species that carry diseases, prey on native species and disrupt food webs

3. Climate change: largely caused by the burning of fossil fuels which intensify the greenhouse effect

4. Overharvesting: harvesting resources faster than they can be replenished

​Renewable Vs. Non-renewable resources

Environmental Parameters

• What they are

  • Factors in the that measure how a specific environment/habitat is performing, what its condition is, or what its status is

  • pH, temp, salinity, dissolved gases

• Why we use them

  • Protect species and ecosystems

  • Predict how changes in environment will impact area

  • Prove is an activity is causing harm to an ecosystem

Multiple Choice

What is one disadvantage of using fossil fuels?

• Fossil fuels will never run out

• Fossil fuels are very efficient forms of energy and are readily available, making them cheaper

• Burning fossil fuels contributes to the greenhouse effect which causes global warming.

• Fossil fuels are better for the environment.

Multiple Choice

Why are fossil fuels considered non-renewable resources if they are still forming beneath the surface today?

• They are being formed as a type of methane we cannot use

• They are being formed too far beneath the surface

• We are depleting the fossil fuels much faster than they can form

Multiple Choice

In recent years, the push to switch to renewable sources of energy
from nonrenewable has been much greater. Which of the following
would be reasons to convince someone to make that switch?

• The cost of energy to power their homes would increase

• They would release less carbon dioxide which decreases effects of global warming when compared to non-renewables

• Non-renewable energy sources are in limited supply, so switching to renewable sources would mean less competition for them

• In comparison to other houses, their house would be the most efficient at generating energy

Multiple Select

When should environmental monitoring occur? Select all that apply

• Never

• When there is a decline in the size of a population

• Only when there is a disturbance in an ecosystem

• After the introduction of a new human activity

Multiple Choice

In 2014, poor treatment and testing of water resulted in a health crisis where many residents of Flint, Michigan were affected. It was found that there were high levels of copper and lead in the water supply. In 2017, filtration systems were installed in the community and lead pipes were replaced to improve water quality. City officials monitored the levels of copper and lead in water; these minerals have decreased over the last two years. Which statement best describes why it is important to continue monitoring even though levels have dropped?

• To evaluate the levels of other pollutants in the water

• To compare the water quality of treated and untreated samples

• to determine the impact of treatment plants on the environment

• to allow officials to fix the issue before it becomes a problem again

Multiple Choice

Noah, Olivia and Ethan are discussing the role of biotechnology in agriculture. What would be a potential benefit of using biotech in agricultrue

• It can increase crop yield and resistance to pests

• It can make the crops taste worse

• It has no significant impact

• It can decrease the nutritional value of crops

Multiple Choice

Cloning is an emerging field that could allow livestock breeders to create exact genetic copies of existing animals that produce high quantities of goods. Which of the following would best explain an environmental impact from the use of cloned livestock?

• Consuming these livestock will cause genetic modifications in humans

• More food will be produced leading to a decrease in worldwide hunger

• Farmers will use more antibiotics to keep the clone healthy

• The genetic diversity of the livestock will decrease

Multiple Choice

One of the biggest ways that humans are impacting biodiversity is
through habitat destruction caused by farming and urbanization. If the EPA passed a law requiring farmers to restore the habitat that they destroyed, what would happen to biodiversity?

• It would continue to decline

• Populations of different species would start to fight over the land

• Biodiversity would start to increase and be maintained

• We would not see any difference because we are already past the
  point of restoration

Multiple Choice

Which of the following best explains the difference in the amount of available energy in the trophic levels of the salt marsh ecosystem?

• There is more available energy in the otter because they have greater muscle mass.

• There is less energy available in the cordgrass because there are high levels of nitrogen from runoff.

• There is more energy available in the second trophic level because more energy and nutrients are available in

  the cordgrass.

• There is less available energy for the herring gull because of the loss of energy through metabolism in each of

  the lower trophic levels.

Monomer: Monosacharrides (sugars)
Elements: Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen (CHO)
Function: Short term energy

​​Carbohydrates

Monomer: Fatty Acids + glycerol
Elements: Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen (CHO)
Functions: Long term energy/compose cell membranes

​​Lipids

Monomer: Nucleotides
Element: Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorous, Nitrogen (CHONP)
Function: stores genetic info

​​Nucleic Acids

​Monomer: Amino Acids
Elements: Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen
Functions: Cell transport, facilitate reactions

​​Proteins

​Macromolecules

• Enzymes are a type of protein called a catalyst

• They speed up the rate of chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy

• Every enzyme has an optimal temperature, pH, and concentration under which it will operate the best

• Outside of these conditions, the enzyme may not function at all

Enzymes

Match

Match the following function to the biomolecule

• Proteins

• Nucleic acids

• Lipids

• Carbohydrates

Catalyzes specific chemical reactions

stores genetic information

regulates movement into and out of cells

Short term energy

• Catalyzes specific chemical reactions

• stores genetic information

• regulates movement into and out of cells

• Short term energy

Multiple Choice

What macromolecule is made up of C,H,O,N?

• Carbohydrates

• Lipids

• Proteins

• Nucleic acids

Multiple Choice

Which macromolecule has monosaccharides as monomers?

• Carbohydrates

• Lipids

• Proteins

• Nucleic acids

Multiple Choice

This macromolecules is responsible for providing our genetic material. Choose the macromolecule that best fits.

• Carbohydrates

• Lipids

• Proteins

• Nucleic acids

Match

Match the macromolecule to its structure

• protein

protein

lipid

Nucleic acid

Carbohydrate

• protein

• lipid

• Nucleic acid

• Carbohydrate

Multiple Choice

Enzymes are _______________ that _____________________ chemical reactions by ____________ the amount of activation energy required to start the reaction.

• carbohydrates, slow down, lowering

• proteins, speed up, increasing

• lipids, speed up, lowering

• proteins, speed up, lowering

Multiple Choice

What is the optimal pH for this enzyme?

• 6

• 10

• 9

• 7

Multiple Choice

What is the optimal temperature of this enzyme?

• 60

• 40

• 70

• 30