Praxis 5205 Topic 2

Poll

How are you feeling today???

Poll

Choose the gif that best captures your familiarity with and readiness for Category 2: Phonics and Decoding

Multiple Choice

Rohan, Daniel, and Grace are learning about an instructional approach that matches the sound of our language to the symbols (graphemes/letters). What is this approach called?

• alphabetic priniciple

• phonics

• phonological awareness

• phonemic awareness

Multiple Choice

a letter or a number of letters that represent a sound in a word.

• grapheme

• phoneme

• morpheme

• morphology

Multiple Choice

How many graphemes are in the word "ghost?"

• 5

• 4

• 3

• 8

Multiple Choice

How many phonemes and graphemes are in the word, "eight"?

• phonemes: 1

  graphemes 5

• phonemes: 2

  graphemes: 5

• phonemes: 1

  graphemes 2

• phonemes: 2

  graphemes: 2

Multiple Choice

An understanding that letters and letter patterns represent the sounds of spoken words.

• Alphabetic Principle

• Cognates

• Phonemic Awareness

• Phonics

Multiple Choice

A student with strong phonics knowledge is able to:

• use relationships between symbols and sounds to read and write words.

• read text with accuracy, speed, and inflection.

• rapidly name grade-level sight words.

• correctly define and use new terminology.

Multiple Choice

How can phonics instruction be organized to be most effective?

• around the vocabulary words from science and social studies

• around a preplanned progression through a logical skill sequence

• to take advantage of teachable moments during authentic literature study

• so that students can work independently in centers

Multiple Choice

The principal correctly advised a newly hired first-grade teacher that he should

• excuse students who are English learners from phonics instruction

• require students to memorize all phonics rules

• refrain from explicit phonics instruction.

• teach phonics skills in a predetermined sequence.

Multiple Choice

A kindergarten student is able to correctly identify all 26 letters and their sounds. She recognizes and creates rhymes, and can usually identify the first letter of objects or names when she hears the words spoken aloud. Despite these skills, she is still struggling to decode simple words, while most of the class has transitioned into using their decoding and sight-word skills to read simple books. The teacher is planning strategic reading intervention to support this student. Which of the following skills should the teacher plan to begin working on with this student?

• producing rhymes

• sound deletion

• phoneme identification

• phoneme blending

Multiple Choice

In most situations, phonics instruction should be completed by the end of

• kindergarten

• third grade.

• sixth grade.

• middle school.

Multiple Choice

What is explicit phonics?

• The relationship between phonology (sounds) and orthography (letter patterns that represent those sounds)

• Students are immersed in authentic texts that they can “read” because of their predictability.

• “When two vowels go walking, the first one does the talking” rule

• Students are taught letters, letter sounds, and letter-sound patterns in isolation, proceeding to short words.

Multiple Choice

The best way to teach letter-sound relationships is to:

• Use an "I do", "We do", "You do" teaching method

• Provide ample practice to all students

• Continue to practice one set of skills until all students achieve mastery

• All of the above

Multiple Choice

A first-grade teacher provides students with explicit, systematic phonics instruction to promote their reading development. When designing activities to teacher letter-sound correspondences, the teacher should:

• Provide reading opportunities for students to practice sounds in context after studying the sounds in isolation

• Make certain that students have mastered vowel sounds before focusing on consonants

• Ensure that students master the spelling of practice words using the target sound before teaching a new sound

• include instruction in related consonant blends when introducing individual consonants.

Multiple Select

The letters “th” in the word “this” are called ______.

• digraph

• grapheme

• consonant cluster

Multiple Select

The letters “tr” in the word “tree” are called ______.

• digraph

• grapheme

• consonant cluster or blend

Multiple Choice

In the word chimpanzee, which of the following pairs of letters is a digraph?

• ch

• mp

• an

• ee

Multiple Choice

What is the term for two consonants that appear together in a word and represent a single sound?

• Blend

• Digraph

• Phoneme

• Diphthong

Multiple Choice

Which of the following best describes the difference between a consonant digraph and a consonant blend?

• Consonant digraphs mimic vowel sounds, while consonants in blends retain their original sounds.

• Consonant digraphs and consonant blends both form new sounds, but consonant blends only occur at the beginnings of words.

• Consonant digraphs will sometimes include a vowel, but consonant blends only have consonants.

• Consonant digraphs form a new sound, whereas consonant blends retain the letters' original sounds while blending them together.

Multiple Choice

What is an example of a blend?

• start

• seat

• seaside

• setting

Multiple Choice

Which of the following word lists would be most appropriate for a first-grade teacher to use when providing practice to students on consonant blends?

• Big, catch, rock

• Trap, flag, snap

• Coin, boy, warn

• Chance, page, dish

Multiple Choice

Which word is an example of a long vowel sound?

• not

• model

• goal

• from

Multiple Choice

Choose the word that has a vowel team.

• Ship

• Rain

• Sun

• Log

Multiple Choice

Is a combination of two vowel sounds.

• phoneme

• phonic

• Diphthong

• Monophthong

Multiple Choice

boy, cow, coin, moist, bow

These words are all examples of what?

• digraphs

• trigraphs

• schwas

• diphthongs

Multiple Choice

Which of these Disney princesses contain diphthongs?

• Elsa

• Moana

• Leo

• Snow White

Multiple Choice

A second-grade teacher is introducing dipthongs in a phonics lesson with the class by providing instruction in appropriate sound-letter relationships and modeling how to read words containing dipthongs. Which of the following groups of words would be the most appropriate for the teacher to use with the students to provide them with practice in reading dipthongs?

• East, meat, creak, teacher

• Chat, choke, fetch, pitcher

• Arm, hard, start, parcel

• Now, loud, shout, crowd

Multiple Choice

Identify where the schwa is in the following word: Teacher.

• TEA

• CH

• ER

Multiple Choice

A schwa sound is heard in ________ syllables.

• stressed

• all

• unstressed

Multiple Choice

Identify where the schwa is in the following word: Ago.

• A

• G

• O

Multiple Choice

In which word does the "u" NOT make the schwa sound?

• subject

• support

• product

Multiple Choice

Which word has a schwa sound?

• heater

• happy

• problem

• cake

Multiple Choice

What syllable type is the following word:

cat

• open

• closed

• bridge-e

• growling-r

Multiple Choice

What syllable type is the 2nd syllable for the following word:

dribble

• closed

• -le

• growling-r

• bridge-e

Multiple Choice

What syllable type is the following word:

sweet

• -le

• closed

• vowel team

• growling-r

Multiple Choice

Which type of syllable has a single vowel ending the syllable with a typically long vowel sound?

• Closed

• Silent -e

• Open

• Vowel Team

Multiple Choice

Which word is an example of a "closed syllable"?

• riding

• stable

• napkin

• read

Multiple Choice

Benjamin is learning about the combination of sounds in our language that have meaning, such as prefixes, suffixes, and roots. What is this concept called?

• phonics

• phonological awareness

• morphology

• phonemic awareness

Multiple Choice

Which of the following best describes the segment "un" in "unbelievable."

• affix

• prefix

• root

• suffix

Multiple Choice

An eighth-grade teacher wants to help students improve their spelling of scientific vocabulary, including the terms listed: barometer, centimeter, dehydrate, hydrogen, microscope, telescope, thermal, thermometer.

Which of the following instructional strategies is likely to be most effective for this purpose?

• showing students how to divide scientific terms into syllables to facilitate accurate spelling

• conducting practice drills to help students memorize the irregular spelling patterns of the words

• familiarizing students with the spelling and meaning of Greek morphemes in scientific terms

• helping students determine correct spellings by dividing the words into onsets and rimes

Multiple Choice

During a decoding exercise, a first-grade teacher noticed a student could not decode new words when particular suffixes were added to the word. This student would most benefit from which of the following instruction?

• increasing understanding of vowel digraphs

• counting the syllables in the words

• structural analysis

• isolating the initial sounds of the words

Multiple Choice

Within Ms. Smith's first grade class, there are a range of students at varying skill levels. She is noticing that some of her students are getting restless and distracted during phonics activities and practice, and she attributes these behaviors to them already understanding the material and finishing quickly. How can she best support these advanced learners?

• by incorporating more challenging examples and/or multisyllable words into their practice

• by allowing these students to use this class time to work on other subjects

• by providing extra practice for these students so they don't finish as quickly

• by shifting away from whole-class phonics instruction

Multiple Choice

Structural Analysis is also called

• Morphemic Analysis

• Syllabic Analysis

Multiple Choice

A teacher is giving instruction in reading multisyllabic words with VCV syllable patterns. The teacher explains that a good decoding strategy is to first break an unknown word after the first vowel and read the word with an open first syllable. If the word does not sound familiar, the reader should break the word after the consonant and read the word with a closed first syllable. Which of the following words would be appropriate for the teacher to use to model this strategy?

• Second

• Cartoon

• Moral

• Reason

Multiple Choice

It is important for readers to become skilled in knowing where to divide words into syllables in order to decode

• multisyllabic words.

• nonsense words.

• high frequency words.

• heart words.

Multiple Choice

Which of the following strategies would be most effective in promoting second graders' decoding of multisyllable words?

• giving students opportunities to read literature that offers repeated exposure to predictable text

• prompting students to sound out the individual phonemes that compose multisyllable words

• encouraging students to compare the parts of new multisyllable words with known single-syllable words

• reinforcing students' recognition of high-frequency multisyllable words using drills and flashcards

Multiple Choice

The ability to read nonsense words shows how well a student is applying

• basic phonics skills that have been taught.

• the alphabetic principle.

• memorization skills.

• automaticity.

Multiple Choice

Which of the following methods could be used to test a student's decoding abilities?

• asking a student to read a grade level paragraph aloud

• previewing a story by discussing illustrations on the book cover

• responding to questions after the teacher reads a text to the class

• administering a spelling test using sight words

Multiple Choice

Mrs. Oskvig, a second-grade teacher, wants to assess Jacob's ability to decode words. What type of assessment should she use for this?

• She should read a list of words out loud while Jacob writes down the spelling for each word.

• She should have Jacob read a short passage and answer several comprehension questions.

• She should have Jacob read a leveled word list and keep track of his errors.

• She should have Jacob read a list of ten sentences and time how long it takes him to complete the task.

Multiple Choice

While working one-on-one with a student, the teacher administers a nonsense word test. Which of the following skills is the teacher most likely trying to assess?

• spelling

• fluency

• comprehension

• phonics

Multiple Choice

Early in the school year, a first-grade teacher wants to conduct an assessment of students' ability to read grade-appropriate words, including phonetically regular words and high-frequency words. Which of the following informal assessments would be most appropriate and effective for this purpose?

• The teacher pairs each student with a partner for shared oral reading of simple texts and makes anecdotal notes on their performance.

• The teacher meets individually with students and asks each student to write a list of words the student knows how to read.

• The teacher allows each student to select a grade-appropriate text from the classroom library and asks each student to try reading the text aloud.

• The teacher prepares a list of grade-appropriate words, asks each student to try reading the words aloud, and records the results.

Multiple Choice

The science of reading advises us to move from leveled readers to _____________ readers.

• nonfiction

• decodable

• complex text

• Read 180

Multiple Choice

According to evidence-based practices, which of the following resources in a first-grade classroom best supports phonics instruction as a major component of reading instruction?

• decodable texts tied directly to the instructional scope and sequence of skills

• leveled texts considered to be at students' most accessible reading level

• predictable-patterned texts that are well supported by pictures

• themed alphabet books that accurately represent letter-sound relationships

Multiple Choice

Which one is true? Decodable texts:

• Are based mainly on predictable (frequently occurring) words.

• Are composed entirely of phonetically irregular exception or sight words which are infrequently occurring.

• Are based strictly on the grade and developmental level of the student.

• Contain both sight or exception words and phonetic patterns of words students have already learned.

Multiple Choice

Which of the following provides the  best rationale for incorporating spelling instruction into a first-grade reading program?

• Spelling promotes phonemic awareness by teaching students to break words into onsets and rimes.

• Spelling facilitates vocabulary development by introducing students to new words.

• Spelling simplifies the reading process by focusing students on a limited set of decoding rules.

• Spelling supports word recognition by helping students learn and retain common phonics patterns.

Multiple Choice

A second-grade teacher administers spelling inventories periodically to help assess students' phonics knowledge.  The following shows one student's performance on a spelling inventory at the beginning  of the school year and again several months later.

The student's performance on the second administration of the spelling inventory indicates that the student made the most improvement in which of the following areas?

• initial and final consonants

• short vowels and diphthongs 

• digraphs and blends 

• long and r-controlled vowels

Multiple Choice

The process of recognizing a word or applying letter-sound knowledge to say a word is

• encoding

• writing

• decoding

• listening

Multiple Choice

The process of using knowledge of individual sounds to build and write words is

• encoding

• singing

• shouting

• decoding