Eiken 1 Reading 2 and 3 Winter 2023-24

​Reading 2
Eiken 1
Winter 2023-24

Primitive Communism

Multiple Choice

Question 26

• is a thoroughly modern concept

• has driven society’s evolution

• never existed in the first place

• has been traded for progress

Multiple Choice

Question 27

• were influenced by modern society

• actually tend to be highly diverse

• are worse off than other societies

• have consciously rejected farming

Multiple Choice

Question 28

• may not be necessary at all

• must have evolved very quickly

• are different from those of the past

• reflect a common human tendency

The Passage of Time

Multiple Choice

Question 29

• essentially ignores everything else

• is processing visual­input signals too quickly

• has accomplished less visual processing

• is not responsible for this function

Multiple Choice

Question 30

• spent more time gathering them

• no need to gain new ones

• been using their time wisely

• not taken the time to enjoy them

Multiple Choice

Question 31

• makes a similar comparison

• says this is a myth

• believes people should react differently

• attributes this to the way others perceive us

The Battle for Bankruptcy

Multiple Choice

Thomas Jefferson opposed the Bankruptcy Act of 1800 because.

• he worried that it would delay the United States’ evolution from an old fashioned nation based on farming to a modern one based on commerce.

• although he thought that bankruptcy protections were important for

  creditors, he was concerned about corruption problems.

• the issue of states claiming more rights was so concerning that he did not

  want any laws that would give them more power.

• he felt that it would allow moneylenders to unfairly take over the property

  of people who fell into debt due to factors beyond their control.

Multiple Choice

What was one reason that demand for national bankruptcy laws increased?

• State laws seemed to be responsible for the rise in the number of

  bankruptcies during the common financial crises that affected the nation.

• It was easier for lenders who lived in the local area to get their money back

  in bankruptcy cases than it was for people who lived out of state.

• Some states’ laws were enforced so strictly that people complained they

  were interfering with economic recoveries.

• As agriculture became more associated with commercial activities, there

  was more need for bankruptcy protection for farmers.

Multiple Choice

What was one thing that affected the Bankruptcy Act of 1898?

• As the cost of building toll roads and railways rose, they became more

  likely to fail, increasing support for adding legal protections for them.

• The large number of corporate bankruptcies throughout the century caused

  later politicians influenced by Henry Clay to support the law.

• A change in the status of corporations meant that people began to accept

  that the national government could be involved in their bankruptcies.

• People realized that it was actually a lack of protection for corporations that

  had caused the failure of previous bankruptcy laws.

Epigenetics

Multiple Choice

Although mutations play an important role in evolution,

• they are usually the result of other mutations caused by changes that occur

  in the environment an organism inhabits.

• there is increasing evidence that they can accumulate far more quickly than

  was previously believed to be possible.

• it appears that they are much less likely to be spontaneous than was

  previously thought to be the case.

• they cannot fully explain the speed at which the various changes that arise

  in organisms tend to occur.

Multiple Choice

What is surprising about DNA methylation?

• It involves a molecule that is able to inherit the traits of the DNA it is

  attached to and pass them along to another species.

• It is a phenomenon that can not only influence the traits of an organism but

  can be passed down to future generations as well.

• It can prevent genes from being activated and deactivated, making it

  difficult for cells to regulate proteins.

• It appears to have a much greater effect on the offspring of some types of

  organisms than it does on others.

Multiple Choice

What is one thing that is suggested by the mouse study?

• It is easier to prevent epigenetic proteins from spreading out than it would

  be to repair mutations in a cell’s DNA.

• Sunlight and common chemicals are more likely to cause genetic mutations

  than they are to affect disorganized genes.

• As mice increase in age, the epigenetic proteins lose their ability to repair

  the cuts that occur in DNA.

• Problems with epigenetic proteins are frequently the cause of genetic

  mutations that can lead to aging in mice.

England's Poor Laws

Multiple Choice

What was the main reason for the creation of the Elizabethan Poor Law of 1601?

• The unwillingness of the church to provide for poor people caused

  sympathetic members of the government to realize they had to take over.

• The increasing strength of local governments brought pressure on the

  national government to do more for the poor.

• Members of the upper class were afraid that poor people’s dissatisfaction

  would cause the lower classes to rise up against the government.

• A minority within the ruling class convinced other members that they

  needed to care more about the needs of the poor.

Multiple Choice

Attitudes toward the “undeserving poor”

• reflected a lack of understanding about the root causes of joblessness among

  the people who created the poor laws.

• demonstrated that some parts of England were less sympathetic to the

  elderly than those in other areas were.

• tended to change as the economy went through different cycles and were

  affected by the amount of goods available.

• usually depended on whether the people in an area were required to pay

  taxes to support the poor people living nearby.

Multiple Choice

What was one benefit of the Poor Law of 1601?

• It became easier for poor people to purchase farmland, leading to the

  development of the agriculture industry.

• Since it reduced the number of people who needed to move in order to find

  work, it helped people to care for their families.

• Progress in improving education and medical treatment was made, which

  helped the poor more than money from the government did.

• By allowing young adults to leave their homes in the countryside, it

  encouraged the development of British industries.

Multiple Choice

Thomas Malthus argued that the poor laws “create the poor which they

maintain” because he thought that the laws....

• cost the government so much that it was unable to spend money on things

  like education that benefit the poor more than financial aid

• encouraged poor people to have children who would also grow up to be

  poor, further increasing the number of people the government had to support.

• motivated poor people to do things that were immoral and contributed to

  social problems that made poverty worse.

• were deliberately created to maintain a class of poor people that the wealthy

  could exploit as a labor force for workhouses.