Argumentative and Informational Review

Multiple Choice

This is the position or idea that the writer is trying to get the audience to accept.

• reason
• claim/thesis
• evidence
  evidence
• warrant

Multiple Choice

Facts, statistics, anecdotes, and quotes

• claims
• evidence
• warrants
• audience

Multiple Choice

The reader that the writer is trying to convince of his or her position or idea.

• claim
• warrant
• thesis
• audience

Multiple Choice

A statement that goes against or opposes the author's claim.

• counterclaim/counterargument
• rebuttal
• warrant
• thesis

Multiple Choice

Offers evidence in response to the counterclaim.

• claim
• bridge
• warrant
• rebuttal

Multiple Choice

Evidence is

• Proof that supports and backs up my claim

• Words or phrases a writer uses to move from one idea to the next

• Explaining, expanding on, and reinforcing the importance of my evidence and how/why it supports my claim

• A list of the sources I used during my research

Multiple Choice

To elaborate means

• The opposing side of an argument

• Proof that supports and backs up my claim

• Why an author believes their stance

• Explaining, expanding on, and reinforcing the importance of my evidence and how/why it supports my claim

Multiple Choice

A rebuttal is

• A.When the author disproves the opposing side’s evidence. (ex: I understand what you are saying, but…)

• Why an author believes their stance

• To re-word, rearrange, summarize, or put information in my own words

• Words or phrases a writer uses to move from one idea to the next

Multiple Choice

An example of a claim is

• No, because kids can get hurt, feel too much pressure, and lose focus on their grades

• I think competitive sports are a bad idea.

• Yes because competitive sports are fun!

• Kids should be involved in competitive sports.

Multiple Choice

Paraphrase means

• Using evidence word for word from a text and putting the evidence in quotation marks

• To re-word, rearrange, summarize, or put information in my own words

• Why an author believes their stance

• Words an author uses to show their feelings about their topic; also to improve their argument

Multiple Choice

Claim means

• to own something

• the writer's response to an answer

• the writer's position on an issue

Multiple Choice

Support means

• a fact or numerical

• the author's side

• reasons and evidence the help prove the claim

Multiple Choice

Evidence means

• the author's opinion

• facts, statistic, or quotation that support the claim

• a carefully stated claim

Multiple Choice

Argument means

• clear reasons and evidence to support the claim

• a claim statement supported by reasons and evidence

• a fact, statistic, or quotation that support the claim

Multiple Choice

Counterclaim means

• the other side of the argument

• a brief summary of the topic

• supports the claim

​What is Text Structure?

​The 5 Types of Text Structure we will review are:

• 1. Sequential: describe a process or series of steps in sequential order (first, next, after, then, last)

• Chronological: tell about events in chronological order (1901, 1908, 1912)

• 2. Descriptive: describing words/adjectives

• 3. Compare and Contrast: compare and contrast information

• 4. Cause and Effect: present causes and their effects

• 5. Problem and Solution: describe a problem and offer a solution

An informational text presents readers with information or ideas about real people, places, things, and events. In order to present information clearly, writers use text structures, or organizational patterns, to present information. There are different types of informational text structures.

A writer may also use text structure to organize information about multiple topics. In addition, a writer may use more than one organizational pattern within the same text.

Analyzing the structure of an informational text helps the reader understand how facts and details are related and determine the controlling idea or thesis.

​In the steel mills, she wanted to be right next to the melted metal. The extreme heat sometimes burned her face and damaged the paint on her camera.

​At first, several people at the company wondered if a woman could stand up to the intense heat and generally dirty and gritty conditions inside a steel mill. When Margaret finally got permission, the technical problems began. Black-and-white film at that time was sensitive to blue light, not the reds and oranges of hot steel. The pictures came out all black. Margaret solved this problem by bringing along a new style of flare (which produces white light) and having assistants hold them to light her scenes. Her abilities resulted in some of the best steel factory pictures of that era, and these earned her national attention.

Multiple Choice

Which of the following passages has a description text structure?

• Rhesus monkeys and baboons are part of a group called Old World monkeys. Like rhesus monkeys, baboons have tails. However, baboons usually weigh more than rhesus monkeys. Baboons live in Africa and Arabia, while rhesus monkeys live in Asia.

• Scientists were preparing to send the first humans into outer space. However, they didn’t yet understand the effects that space would have on the human body. They didn’t want to put humans in danger. As a solution, they started by sending rhesus monkeys into space and studying the effects on them.

• Rhesus monkeys are primates with brown bodies and red faces. They come from Asian countries, such as Afghanistan, Pakistan and India. They are very intelligent, and some have even adapted to live near humans. Rhesus monkeys are good climbers and swimmers.

• In 1947, scientists first discovered the Zika virus in a rhesus monkey in Uganda. A year later, they learned that Zika was spread by mosquitoes. In 1952, the first cases of Zika in humans were found. The virus did not make people very sick.

Sequence/

Chronological

• Authors tell about events in chronological order, the order that they happened.

• In this type of text may see alot of dates. It may also be a list or step by step directions.

• Signal Words:  “first,” “next,” “then,” “before,” “during” and “after.” “now,” “last,” “finally,” “at the same time” or “meanwhile.”

Multiple Choice

Which of the following passages has a sequence text structure?

• The Olympic Games started in Greece 3,000 years ago. They took place every four years for hundreds of years. The modern form of the Olympic Games started in 1896. The best athletes from countries all over the world compete. In 2016, the Summer Olympics were held in Brazil.

• Only men were allowed to compete in the original Olympic Games. These men had to be Greek, and they could not be slaves. Slaves, women and people from other countries were excluded from the games.

• It takes a lot of food to feed all of the people who are part of the Olympic Games. It also creates a lot of leftovers. To reduce food waste, some famous chefs came up with a plan. They decided to use the leftover food from the Olympics to help feed the homeless. They cooked meals for the homeless using ingredients that would have been thrown away.

• The Olympic Games always begin with an opening ceremony, a big show that often includes music and dancing. All of the countries that are playing in the games participate. Athletes march, wearing their countries’ colors.

Compare and Contrast

• To compare is to explain how things are similar. 

• To contrast is to explain how they’re different.

• Authors explain how something is similar to and different from something else. 

• Signal Words: “similar,” “same,” “alike,” “in contrast,” “unlike” and “both.” “on the other hand” and “however.”

Multiple Choice

Which of the following passages has a compare and contrast text structure?

• In a rural community, there are not many lights from buildings to block the stars. As a result, you can see many stars when you look up at the night sky.

• Urban and suburban communities both have stores, schools, banks, libraries and buildings. However, these things are more spread out in the suburbs than they are in urban communities.

• The tallest skyscraper in the world is Burj Khalifa in a city called Dubai in the United Arab Emirates. It has 163 stories and is 2,723 feet tall.

• People may move to the suburbs so that they can have more space but still enjoy the city. Suburbs are usually so close to a city that you can get to the city and back in the same day.

Problem and Solution

• The text includes a problem.

• The text gives a solution or possible solutions to the problem.

• Signal Words: "problem,” “issue,” “solution,” “question” and “answer.” “since,” “as a result,” “so” and “leads to.”

Multiple Choice

Many people think that Thomas Edison built the first light bulb. He did not, but his inventions greatly changed the effect that electricity had on people’s lives. The light bulbs that existed before Edison were not practical for most people to use inside their homes. They needed too much power and were too bright. So Edison developed a new type of light bulb called an incandescent bulb. It was affordable and reliable. It used less power than existing models and became a success.

Which detail from the passage above best describes a problem?

• “He did not, but his inventions greatly changed the effect electricity had on people’s lives.”

• “It used less power than existing models and became a success.”

• “So Edison developed a new type of light bulb called an incandescent bulb.”

• “The light bulbs that existed before Edison were not practical for most people to use inside their homes.”

Cause and Effect

• A cause is something that makes something else happen, or the reason something happens

• An effect is something that happens because of something else (a cause). 

• A cause and effect text shares information about an event and what caused it to occur.

• Signal Words: “because,” “so,” “since,” and “due to” “therefore,” “as a result of” and “if...then…”

Multiple Choice

Piping plovers are losing their habitats. This is because humans are taking many of the beaches where they live to construct buildings. Humans have also changed the level of water in the piping plovers’ homes. Sometimes, there is too much water or too little water. As a result of the loss of their habitats, piping plovers have become an endangered species.

In the passage above, the underlined sentence provides

• a cause that led to piping plovers losing their habitats.

• an effect of humans changing the level of water in piping plovers’ homes.

• a cause that led to there being too many piping plovers.

• an effect of piping plovers leaving their homes.

Multiple Choice

This text structure is used to tell us about a topic's characteristics and qualities. It paints a picture of the topic in our heads.

• Cause & Effect

• Compare & Contrast

• Description

• Problem & Solution

• Sequence

Multiple Choice

This text structure is used to tell us how 2 or more items are alike and also different.

• Cause & Effect

• Compare & Contrast

• Description

• Problem & Solution

• Sequence

Multiple Choice

This text structure is used to tell about something that happened and what made it happen.

• Cause & Effect

• Compare & Contrast

• Description

• Problem & Solution

• Sequence

Multiple Choice

This text structure is used to explain the chronology of how something happened (dates) or the order in which you should do something (steps).

• Cause & Effect

• Compare & Contrast

• Description

• Problem & Solution

• Sequence

Multiple Choice

This text structure is used to present a problem or dilemma and then tell us some possible ways of fixing the problem.

• Cause & Effect

• Compare & Contrast

• Description

• Problem & Solution

• Sequence

Multiple Choice

Which text structure would USE these SIGNAL or KEY WORDS: as a result, since, then, due to

• Cause & Effect

• Compare & Contrast

• Description

• Problem & Solution

• Sequence

Multiple Choice

Which text structure would USE these SIGNAL or KEY WORDS: like, similar, both, different, while

• Cause & Effect

• Compare & Contrast

• Description

• Problem & Solution

• Sequence

Multiple Choice

Which text structure would USE these SIGNAL or KEY WORDS: before, after, first, second

• Cause & Effect

• Compare & Contrast

• Description

• Problem & Solution

• Sequence

Multiple Choice

Which text structure would USE these SIGNAL or KEY WORDS: issue, dilemma, solved, solution

• Cause & Effect

• Compare & Contrast

• Description

• Problem & Solution

• Sequence

Multiple Choice

The way or method an author/writer uses in order to organize and present information. How the author does this will depend on the purpose.

• Descriptons

• Graphic Organizers

• Text Structure