Unit 11 Exam Review

No soil or life is present in the ecosystem

      -volcanic eruption where lava hardens into rock   

      -after glaciers recede leaving behind barren rocks

Pioneer species, like lichen, are the first to return to an area

Grasses, herbs, and wildflowers would return next

Trees are the next stage

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Primary Succession

Plants and animals have been wiped out but soil remains

Clear-cutting is an example along with forest fires

No pioneer species needed

Grasses, shrubs, and wildflowers return shortly

Trees will grow next

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Secondary Succession

Multiple Choice

Which organisms are examples of pioneer species in primary succession?

• Lichens and Mosses

• Deer and Antelope

• Tall trees and shrubs

• Grasses and wildflowers

Multiple Choice

What is the purpose of lichens and mosses in primary succession?

• Keep the ecosystem from going through succession

• Produce acid that break down rocks into soil

• Have a symbiotic relationship with rocks

• Decompose other organic materials

Multiple Choice

Which of the following disturbances would most likely cause secondary succession to occur?

• Volcanic eruption

• Glacier receding

• Urban development

A shark has fins and a streamlined body that help it swim through water. It has gills, which take in oxygen directly out of the water. Because of its gills, sharks can stay underwater and not have to come to the surface to breathe. Sharks also have a tremendous number of sharp teeth, which make them fierce predators.

Shark

Having eyes on the sides of their heads allow deer to see in every direction except directly behind them. Mule deers' large ears increase their sense of hearing. They have hollow body hair for insulation. Their eyes and ears move independently allowing them to more accurately pinpoint danger.

Deer

Foxes have excellent senses of eyesight, hearing, and smell. Their sharp, pointed teeth are typical to carnivores and help them to tear through meat. The colors of the fox's fur blend in with its surroundings and allow it to camouflage well.

Red Fox

Multiple Choice

The adaptations of each of the animals on the previous page help the organism...

• Be cuter

• Find a mate

• Survive

• Scare off predators

Multiple Choice

Which of the two moths would have a higher likely of survival and why?

• The black moth because it camouflages into the tree

• The white moth because it camouflages into the tree

• The black moth because it will stand out to predators

• The white moth because it will fight of predators

A representation of how much energy, initially from the sun, is retained or stored in the form of new biomass at each trophic level in an ecosystem. Typically, about 10% of the energy is transferred from one trophic level to the next, thus preventing a large number of trophic levels.

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​Energy Pyramid

Multiple Choice

What are some examples of nutrients that would be recycled in the energy pyramid.

• Metals and Non-Metals

• Sunlight

• Water and Oxygen

• Nitrogen and Carbon