Borders and Boundaries

The Fall of the Ottoman Empire
Discovery Ticket #1

Re-Performance Lesson

Durham Middle School

Words to know.....

​The Ottoman Empire stretched across Europe, Africa, and Southwest Asia. They controlled the area of the Middle East from the 1300’s until end of WW I (1917).

​Partitioning

​Partitioning –the action or state of dividing land into parts

​Artificial Political Boundaries

​Artificial Political Boundaries – a boundary made by humans to divide land into regions, countries and areas

​Vocabulary

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Partitioning –the action or state of dividing land into parts

Artificial Political Boundaries – a boundary made by humans to divide land into regions, countries and areas

Regional Conflict – disagreement between regions or countries that can heighten with time

​Regional Conflict

​Regional Conflict – disagreement between regions or countries that can heighten with time

Multiple Choice

What is partitioning?

• The action or state of dividing land into parts

• The scattering of people from their homeland

• A boundary made by humans to divide land into countries

• A disagreement between regions or countries that can escalate over time

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Leaders of the Ottoman Empire were unable to rule such a large area because they couldn’t control their own territories. They were in need of more advanced technology and innovation in order to maintain control and possibly regain previously lost land.

Ultimately, they decided to join forces with the Central Powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Bulgaria) against the Allied Powers (U.S., Great Britain, and France) during World War I, hoping to benefit from the alliance if the Central Powers won the war.

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​Collapse of the Ottoman Empire

​Unfortunately for the Ottoman Empire, they ended up on the losing side of World War I and their empire collapsed.

The collapse of the Ottoman Empire created a lack of central authority in the region. European countries stepped in to establish order in the region.

​Creation of Boundaries

​-When the Ottoman’s were overthrown, the empire was divided into smaller territories.

-PARTITIONED by European countries (Britain & France) who decided boundaries.

-These boundaries divided ethnic groups and religious groups that were living in the region.

​Sykes-Picot Agreement

Multiple Choice

What led to the end of the Ottoman Empire at the close of WWI?

• The Ottoman government was overthrown by a revolt of factory workers who were unemployed when the war ended (the Empire struck back).

• The empire spent too much money on buildings and new roads and went bankrupt.

• The people in the Empire were starving because a long drought had ruined agriculture.

• The Ottomans were on the losing side of the war.

Multiple Choice

Which two countries divided the Middle East (Southwest Asia) into countries after WWI?

• France and Germany

• Britain and France

• Britain and Canada

• Italy and Portugal

​Effects of European Partitioning

​Desiring immediate control of the area and looking to future oil profits, Britain and France established borders that did not exist previously.

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Britain and France created borders that did not take into account local cultures and tribes.

The borders were based on the oil interests of Europe, not the best interests of the people in the Middle East and local cultures were ignored and tribal unities were disrupted.

​Effects of European Partitioning

​-Borders that had been fluid over many centuries were now tightly defined.

-None of the countries wanted Europe in charge of them

-The conflicts created during the partitioning of the Ottoman Empire still cause trouble today

*The stage was now set for big problems in the years ahead.

Multiple Choice

By 1924, the Ottoman Empire no longer existed, and the region was divided among several European countries. What was the effect of the downfall of the Ottoman Empire?

• A lack of oil

• Economic prosperity

• Regional conflict

• A lack of water

Multiple Choice

How did European involvement in Southwest Asia impact the region after the collapse of the Ottoman Empire?

• It created artificial boundaries that led to conflict.

• It brought about peace between the Jews and Palestinian Arabs.

• It created independent nations for all ethnic groups of the Ottoman Empire.

• It created separate nations for all religions of the area.

Multiple Select

Choose the TWO that are types of borders:

• political

• social

• natural

• general

Multiple Choice

Borders can...

• determine the shape and size of states

• create regions

• affect how resources are distributed

• all of the above

Multiple Choice

True or False: Both the Mississippi River and Rocky Mountains are a form of natural border in the United States.

• True
• False

Multiple Choice

Which of the following states does NOT share a border with Missouri?

• Kansas
• Illinois
• Oklahoma
• Colorado

Fill in the Blank

________ is the country that shares a southern border with the United States.

Fill in the Blank

_______ is the country that shares a northern border with the United States.

Multiple Choice

True or False: Borders can change over time.

• True

• False

Multiple Choice

What is a border dispute?

• A disagreement over the ownership of land between two or more countries

• A strong opinion about a type of food dish

• A type of dance that incorporates the whole body

• A type of clothing with strong stitching patterns

Multiple Choice

What is the importance of border security for a country or territory?

• To prevent unauthorized entry and smuggling

• To increase tourism
• To improve international relations
• To increase trade

*Remember*: India's independence set an example to other colonized people around the world.

Our next focus is Africa. Each nations road to independence was not the same.

The following slides will go over examples of Ghana, Kenya, Congo, Nigeria, and Algeria.

Multiple Choice

“If we are to remain free, if we are to enjoy the full benefits of Africa’s enormous wealth, we must unite to plan for the full exploitation of our human and material resources in the interest of all our people.”

This quotation best expresses the major goal of:

• Colonialism

• Imperialism

• Pan-Africansim

• Urbanization

Multiple Choice

"Rhodesia Becomes Zimbabwe"

"Gold Coast Becomes Ghana"

These headlines suggest that African governments sometimes rename their nations to:

• avoid military overthrow

• reflect traditional cultures

• reinforce colonial influences

• increase foreign investments

Ghana: was the first sub-Saharan country to gain independence. Ghana's precedent in 1957 inspired other countries in Africa to do the same.

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Multiple Select

What does the name Kenyatta mean?

• Father of Africa

• The light of Kenya

Multiple Select

Which natural resource is Nigeria rich in?

• coal

• oil

• copper

Multiple Choice

True or False:

The Democratic Republic of the Congo faced political instablity post independence?

• True

• False

Multiple Choice

Algeria had to fight a war for liberation from what European nation?

• England

• Belgium

• France

Practice Questions:

do your best!

Multiple Choice

Which statements best describes the political situation in Africa after World War II?

• increased nationalism led to independence for many African nations

• France and West Germany sought to establish colonies in Africa

• European nations increased their control over their African colonies

• The United Nations opposed the idea of self- determination for African Nations

Multiple Choice

Which factor most limited the development of African Nationalism

• European support of an educational system based on local traditions and language

• The prior experience of Africans with economic self-sufficiency

• Political boundaries imposed by Europeans that has little relationship to African tribal boundaries

• The European practice of making decisions based on local customs

Multiple Choice

One way in which Kwame Nkrumah and Jomo Kenyatta are similar is that they:

• Supported the United Nations military action in the Persian Gulf War

• Opposed the Pan- African Movement

• Played a major role in independence movements in Africa

Multiple Choice

The stability of many African nations continues to be threatened by the:

• Spread of animism among the people

• Ethnic and tribal loyalties of the people

• Use of command economies

• Establishment of labor unions