Marine Ecosystems

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LESSON 5 RESOURCE B

Coral Reef Ecosystems

Coral reefs form in shallow coastal areas around the world. The

structure of a reef is made up of many different corals that stick

themselves to rocks or the hard skeletons of corals that have died.

More species of organisms live in coral reefs than in any other

marine ecosystem. One reason reefs support so much life is that

small animals can use them to hide from predators.

Corals and Sea Anemones

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Corals and Sea Anemones

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Sea Turtle

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Red Mushroom Coral

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Seagrass and Corals

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Coral Reef Locations

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Earth Systems ▸ Appendix A ▸ Lesson 5 ▸ Resource C

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LESSON 5 RESOURCE C

Deep Ocean Ecosystems

Any part of the ocean deeper than 1,000 meters is considered

the deep ocean. Most of the deep ocean has not been explored.

Because no light reaches ecosystems that exist in the deep

ocean, taking photographs requires special equipment and bright

lights. Organisms that live in the deep ocean are adapted to its

extreme conditions.

Acorn Worm

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Ghost Fish

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Yeti Crab

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Fangtooth Fish

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Cockeyed Squid

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Earth Systems ▸ Appendix A ▸ Lesson 5 ▸ Resource C

Global Ocean Depth Map

0
Sea Level

Meters Below Sea Level

5,000

10,000

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Ocean Depth Diagram

Deep ocean

Twilight zone

Much of the ocean is about
4,000 meters deep, but places
over 10,000 meters deep have
been discovered.

Sunlight zone

0 m

200 m

1,000 m

4,000 m

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Earth Systems ▸ Appendix A ▸ Lesson 5 ▸ Resource D

LESSON 5 RESOURCE D

Intertidal Zone Ecosystems

The place where the ocean meets the shore is called the intertidal

zone. It is divided into four separate zones based on the amount

of time the zone spends under water. Many species of plants and

animals live in the intertidal zone. To live there, each species must

be able to withstand strong currents and ocean waves. Many animals

use hairlike structures or sticky substances to hang onto rocks.

Shoreline During Low Tide

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Barnacles and Seaweed

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Mussels

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Sea Star

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Intertidal Zones Diagram

Rock louse

Periwinkle

Periwinkle

Limpet

Limpet

Buckshot barnacles

Mussels

Sea lettuce

Hermit crab

Rock weed
Abalone

Acorn
barnacles

Goose-necked
barnacles

Sea star

Brittle
star

Sea slug

SeaSea

urchinsurchins

Sponge
Sea
anemone

Algae

Sea cucumber
Sea
urchins

Spray zone

High intertidal zone

Mid intertidal zone

Low intertidal zone

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LESSON 5 RESOURCE E

Hydrothermal Vent Ecosystems

Hydrothermal vents occur on the seafloor near underwater

volcanoes. These vents are too far under water for sunlight to reach

them. Extremely hot, mineral-rich water leaks out of hydrothermal

vents. The water from vents can be as hot as 750°F, but it cools

as it mixes with the cold ocean water. Even though the conditions

are very harsh, a surprising number of species live near

hydrothermal vents.

Hydrothermal Vent

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Tube Worms

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Spider Crab

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Stalked Jellyfish

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Mussels, Crabs, and Shrimp

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Deep-Sea Urchins

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Hydrothermal Vent Locations

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Earth Systems ▸ Appendix A ▸ Lesson 5 ▸ Resource F

LESSON 5 RESOURCE F

Map of Fresh Surface Water in the US

UNITED STATESUNITED STATES

Canada

Mexico

Gulf of
Mexico

Atlantic
Ocean
Pacifc
Ocean