04.02.24 Cycle 4 Recap

05.22.24 Cell Cycle and Protein Synthesis (Cycle 4) Review

Open Ended

Why do cells divide?

Multiple Choice

Cells of organisms must go through cell division for?

• growth

• repair of damaged cells

• replacement of dying cells.

• All of these

​Interphase: G1, S, G2

M Phase (Mitosis/Cell Division): P, M, A, and T

The Stages of the Cell Cycle

Multiple Choice

What does NOT happen during interphase?

• growth
• DNA replication 
• obtaining nutrients
• cell divison

Multiple Choice

In prophase of mitosis, chromosomes

• form and the nuclear envelope disappears.

• are pulled toward opposite ends of the cell.

• chromosomes line up along the equator of the cell

• chromosomes begin to decondense and the two new nuclei begin to form.

Multiple Choice

In metaphase of mitosis, chromosomes

• form and the nuclear envelope disappears.

• are pulled toward opposite ends of the cell.

• chromosomes line up along the equator of the cell

• chromosomes begin to decondense and the two new nuclei begin to form.

Multiple Choice

In anaphase of mitosis, chromosomes

• form and the nuclear envelope disappears.

• are pulled toward opposite ends of the cell.

• chromosomes line up along the equator of the cell

• chromosomes begin to decondense and the two new nuclei begin to form.

Multiple Choice

In telophase of mitosis, chromosomes

• form and the nuclear envelope disappears.

• are pulled toward opposite ends of the cell.

• chromosomes line up along the equator of the cell

• chromosomes begin to decondense and the two new nuclei begin to form.

Multiple Choice

True or False:
Normal cells grow and divide continuously.

• True
• False

Multiple Choice

When cells go through mitosis repeatedly without entering interphase, this results

• arthritis

• cancer

• mutation

• diabetes

Transitioning to Protein Synthesis

Open Ended

What is one reason why the body makes proteins?

​Transcription: The first step in Protein Synthesis

​Transcription occurs in the Nucleus

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The purpose of Transcription is to make mRNA to carry the DNA instructions out of the nucleus

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​Transcription: The Process

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RNA Polymerase builds mRNA strand by attaching the complementary RNA base to the DNA strand ​

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This mRNA then leaves the nucleus​

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​Transcription: The first step

​DNA to mRNA complementary bases

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Adenine in DNA binds Uracil in mRNA (A - U)

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Thymine in DNA binds Adenine in mRNA (T - A ​)

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​Cytosine in DNA binds Guanine in mRNA (C - G)

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Guanine in DNA binds Cytosine in mRNA (G - C)​

​

Multiple Choice

What is the role of mRNA

• Carry an amino acid to the ribosome

• Copy the instructions from DNA and carry it out of the nucleus

• Make up the ribosomes

Multiple Choice

Where does Transcription occur

• Nucleus

• Ribosome

• ER

• Mitochondria

Multiple Choice

What is the mRNA for the following DNA strand?

TAC GTA

• GCT AGC

• ATG CAT

• AUG CAU

​Translation: the Second step in Protein Synthesis

​The Process of Translation:

​

1) The mRNA goes to the ribosome in the cytoplasm ​

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2) The Ribosome reads the mRNA one codon* at a time

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​Codon* Three nucleotide sequence on mRNA that codes for a specific amino acid

​Translation: the Second step in Protein Synthesis

​The Process of Translation:

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3) The ribosome matches the codon on mRNA to the anti-codon on tRNA*

​

​4) The ribosome binds the amino acids in order into a protein chain

​

​tRNA* : has an anticodon and the specific amino acid for that anticodon

Multiple Choice

Where does Translation occur?

• Nucleus

• Ribosome

• ER

• Chloroplast

Multiple Choice

What is the end product of translation?

• mRNA that can leave the nucleus

• Amino acid chain

• monosaccharide chain

• Anticodon

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